/ TEL. NO . (or code) & EH.NAME C ODE (or other desi^ DATE NASA FOR M 26 APR 69 PR EVIOUS EDITIONS MAY BE USED NATIONAL AER ONAUTIC S AND SPAC E ADMINISTR ATIS R OUTING SLIP MAIL C ODE NAME Action Approval C all Me C oncurrence File Information Investigate and Advise Note and Forward Note and R eJur.ni Per R equest Per Telephone C onversion R ecommendation See^Me Signature C irculate and Destroy 1 Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 MEMORANDUM June 1, 1965 To A/Administrator From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) Additional Flight Activities Subsequent to the preparation of the GT-4 Mission Operation Report several new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight readiness. Consequently, three significant additiona l flight activities are now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are: extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic report. Enclosure: MOR No. 913-65-04 Change 1 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY M-913-65-04 ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES Three additional special engineering and operational objectives are now planned for the first four orbits of the GT-4 Mission: 1. Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot umbilical. Potential future application includes crew transfer, in­ flight repair, and inspection of orbiting objects. 2. Demonstration of extravehicular maneuvering using a simple, one­ man propulsion unit. This device could be used with or without a spacecraft tether on future missions. 3. Demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. This activity wil I provide valuable early information and maneuvering procedures necessary to rendezvous with a target vehicle. Flashing lights identical to those designed for the Gemini/Agena Vehicle have been insta I led on the booster second stage for th is test. The Flight Plan sequence involves post-launch separation from the launch vehicle, then maneuvering to stop the spacecraft separation velocity. The first two orbits wil I be flown with the spacecraft at distances less than one quarter of a mile from the launch vehicle. Nighttime separation will be sufficient to prevent the flashing lights from disturbing the pilot's visual dark adaptation. The first orbit will be occupied with operational checks of the spacecraft guidance, maneuvering, and environmental control systems. The pilots will utilize the second orbit to prepare for the extravehicular activity. This procedure involves unstowing and assembling a 25-foot umbilical, the emergency oxygen pack, a maneuvering unit, and the cameras. Over Hawaii, at daybreak, near the end of the second orbit, the cabin will be depressurized and Jim McDivitt will maneuver to within close proximity of the booster. At this point, the right hatch will be opened and Ed White will climb out and hold on the right forward portion of the spacecraft unti I McDivitt gives him a release command. Upon command, White wi II push off slowly and reorient himself with the hand-held maneuvering unit to face the booster. A 35-mm still camera (Zeiss-Contarex) mounted on the maneuvering unit will be used to photo­ graph the booster and spacecraft with various earth/sky backgrounds. After testing his ability to maneuver in a zero gravity environment, White will maneuver back toward the spacecraft and ingress. The total time separated from the spacecraft will be approximately 10 minutes. He will be inside with the cabin repressurized by the time the spacecraft posses over Ascension Island on the start of the third orbit. Shortly ofter passing Ascension, McDivitt wil I maneuver ahead of the booster with 5 feet per second separation velocity. Because this maneuver places the spacecraft in a higher altitude and longer period orbit than the booster, it will rise above and fall behind the booster. One orbit later, the spacecraft 6/1/65 Page 1 M -913-6 5-04 will trail 16 m iles behind the booster. At this point, a spacecraft retardation m aneu ver of 13 feet per second will initiate the visu al rendezvou s sequ ence. T he spacecraft will approach the booster from behind and below. Becau se of u nknown variation in the atm ospheric density and drag of the slowly tu m bling booster, the exact approach trajectory cannot be predicted. T he flig ht crew will m easu re elevation ang les of the booster and will initiate rendezvou s m aneu vers when the booster is approxim ately 45 deg rees elevation ang le above the spacecraft. By observing the m ovem ent of the booster with respect to the star backg rou nd and with respect to the spacecraft inertial platform display, the crew can determ ine the proper lateral m aneu ver to nu ll the lateral com ponent of velocity thereby resu lting in a spacecraft velocity vector which is directly toward the booster. After rem oving the lateral velocity difference, the pilot will apply a series of breaking m aneu vers with the forward firing thru sters to redu ce the closing velocity. T he flig ht crew will m easu re with onboard instru m ents the total m aneu vering velocity requ ired for the rendezvou s procedu re. T he spacecraft shou ld be back in close proxim ity of the lau nch vehicle over the N ortheast coast of Sou th Am erica at the beg inning of the fifth orbit. After the rendezvou s operation is com plete, the spacecraft will ag ain separate from the booster - this tim e u sing a m aneu ver which will place the G em ini spacecraft on an orbit with a predicted lifetim e of fou r days. T he EVA su it is the new G 4C su it which replaces the G 3C su it u sed so su ccessfu lly by the G T -3 flig ht crew. T he G 4C su it has the following new featu res: a. H elm et - incorporation of triple lens shield (visors) for visu al, therm al, im pact, and m icrom eteorite protection. b. T orso - 1. Chang e to N om ex (H T -1) "Linknet" in restraint layer for increased stru ctu ral streng th. 2. Incorporation of strain relief zipper in sealing closu re. 3. Incorporation of redesig ned ventilation inlet and ou tlet fitting s with au tom atic locking and redu ndant sealing featu res. 4. Replace N om ex (H T -1) coverlayer with integ rated therm al and m icrom eteority cover layer. c. G loves - Incorporate new desig n with increased m obility, abrasion resistance and therm al protection. d. Bio-connector - Self-alig hm ent, pin protective desig n. 6 /1/6 5 Pag e 2 M -913-6 5-04 Fig u re 1 depicts the principal physical differences between the old G 3C su it and the new EVA G 4C su it. Fig u re 2 shows that with one visor down on the new G 4C helm et, there is practically no attenu tation of lig ht entering , whereas Fig u re 3 shows that with two of the visors down there is a noticeable difference in the am ou nt of lig ht that enters the astronau t's eyes. W ith the third visor down, there wou ld be a sim ilar decrease in the am ou nt of lig ht allowed to enter the helm et. T he m u ltivariou s layers of m aterials u sed in the EVA G 4C su its are delineated in Fig u re 4. It shou ld be noted that the old G 3C su it consisted only of the pressu re and restraint layers of Fig u re 4 with the H T -1 nylon ou ter protective layer. T he EVA spacesu it has received the following qu alifi­ cation tests: FIG . 1 G-4C OVER VISOR SPAC E HELMET 6 /1/6 5 Pag e 3 M -913-6 5-04 G-4C OVER VISOR SPAC E HELMET FIG . 3 G-4C EXTR AVEHIC ULAR SUIT THER MAL AND MIC R OMETEOR OID STOPPER LAYER S (EAC H 6 8 OZ/YD2 W HITE) USE: W EAR ANO MIC R OMETEOR OID PR OTEC TION PR ESSUR E AND R ESTR AINT LAYER S W EIGHT THIC KNESS G-3C 6.8OZ/YD2 .013 INC HES G-4C 39.9 OZ/YD* .312 INC HES FIG . 4 6 /1/6 5 Pag e 4 M -913-6 5-04 a. Leakag e b. Proof pressu re c. 02 com patibility d. Ejection envelope e. Cold tem peratu re f. Rapid decom pression g . Life cycling h. Visor testing Shou ld the 25-foot long tether fail in som e m anner, the pilot will be carrying a chestpack that has been com patibility qu alified with the G 4C su it and con­ sists principally of an em erg ency oxyg en bottle with au tom atic valving . It shou ld be em phasized that both the prim ary and backu p flig ht crews have u nderg one 40 m inu tes cabin depressu rization with the hatches open at a sim u lated altitu de of 150,000 feet in the cham bers at M cDonnell, St. Lou is du ring which tim e they practiced opening and closing the hatches, taking pictu res, and other actions that will take place du ring EVA. T he extravehicu lar m aneu vering will be accom plished u sing a zero g Integ ral Propu lsion (ZIP) Unit as shown in Fig u re 5. T his device is handheld and accom plishes propu lsion by jetting oxyg en ou t throu g h a sing le forward firing nozzle and two aft firing nozzles as selected and aim ed by the operator. It inclu des a cam era m ou nted for convenient extravehicu lar photog raphy. FIG . 5 6 /1/6 5 Pag e 5 M ission Operation Report N o. M -913-6 5-04 M EM ORAN DUM M ay 24, 196 5 T o : A/Adm inistrator From : M /Associate Adm inistrator for M anned Space Flig ht Su bject: G em ini Flig ht N u m ber Fou r (G T -4) G T -4, the fou rth in a series of twelve planned G em ini flig hts is schedu led to be lau nched from Com plex 19 at the John F. K ennedy Space Center on or after 3 Ju ne 196 5O T his will be the second m anned G em ini m ission and the long est ever attem pted by a two-m an crew. T he pu rpose of the m ission is to fu rther dem onstrate m anned space flig ht for a period of fou r days. T he nom inal lau nch tim e is 10 a.m . EDT (1400 G M T ). T he space vehicle is to be lau nched on an azim u th of 72 deg rees and the spacecraft will be inserted into an initial orbit of 8 7-16 1 N .M . at an orbital inclination of 32.5 deg rees. T he 6 2 revolu tion m ission will have a du ration of approxim ately 97 hou rs and 50 m inu tes. T he prim ary and backu p flig ht crews are of the "new g eneration," being m em bers of the second g rou p of astronau ts. Jam es A. M cDivitt will be the com m and pilot and Edward H . W hite, II will be the pilot. Becau se the du ration of the flig ht is one of the m ost sig nificant aspects of their m ission, the post­ flig ht activities will involve expanded m edical evalu ation as com pared with previou s m issions, inclu ding at least 24 hou rs aboard the recovery aircraft carrier, the USS W ASP. After condu cting variou s orbital m aneu vers and the thirteen experim ents du ring the fou r-day m ission, the spacecraft will reenter and tou chdown approxim ately 400 m iles sou thwest of Berm u da for a water landing and carrier retrieval. Enclosu re M OR N oo M -913-6 5-04 FOR IN T ERN AL USE ON LY Report N o • M -913-6 5-04 MISSION OPER ATION R EPOR T GEMINI FLIGHT NUMBER FOUR (GT-4) OFFICE OF M AN N ED SPACE FLIG H T FOR IN T ERNAL USE ON LY FOREW ORD M ISSION OPERAT ION REPORT S are pu blished expressly for the u se of N ASA G eneral M anag em ent as requ ired by the Adm inistra­ tor in N ASA Instru ction 6 -2-10 dated Au g u st 15, 196 3. T he pu r­ pose of these reports is to provide N ASA G eneral M anag em ent with tim ely, com plete and definitive inform ation on flig ht m ission plans and resu lts from lau nching s with Scou t class or larg er vehicles. Initial reports are to be prepared and issu ed for each flig ht project ju st prior to lau nch. Following lau nch, u pdating reports for each m ission will be issu ed to keep G eneral M anag em ent cu rrently in­ form ed as provided in N ASA Instru ction 6 -2-10. Distribu tion of these reports has been specifically directed by G en­ eral M anag em ent and they are not available for additional or g eneral distribu tion. T he Office of Pu blic Affairs pu blishes a com prehensive series of pre-lau nch and post-lau nch reports on N ASA flig ht m issions which are available for g eneral distribu tion. Pu blished and Distribu ted by OFFICE OF PROG RAM REPORT S OFFICE OF PROG RAM M IN G N AT IONAL AERON AUT ICS AND SPACE ADM INIST RAT ION W ashing ton, D. C. 20546 M -913-6 5-04 • M SC-2, Proton Electron Spectrom eter • M SC-3, T ri-Axis M ag netom eter • M SC-10, T wo-Color Earth's Lim b Photos • S-5, Synoptic T errain Photog raphy • S-6 , Synoptic W eather Photog raphy UN USUAL T ASK S OF T H IS M ISSION had a conflag ration occu rred on the pad, ABOR T PR OC EDUR ES One of the interesting tasks of this m ission is the du ration of the flig ht. It will be the long est ever to be condu cted by a two-m an crew. Another hig hly interesting item is that control of the m ission for the first tim e will be from the M ission Control Center (M CC) H ou ston. Som e elem ents of the M ission Control Center at Cape K ennedy and the G SFC com pu ting facility will be standing by as a backu p du ring the lau nch phase. T he com pu ting facilities at G SFC will also be u sed as a backu p to M CC-H ou ston du ring the orbital phase. Flig ht controllers will m an the M CC in three shifts to g ive com plete rou nd-the-clock coverag e of the fou r- day m ission. Crew control of reentry will be accom plished by tracking the roll needle rather than nu lling the down-rang e and cross-rang e needles as on G T -3. T he experim ents will, of cou rse, contribu te m u ch inform ation for the scientific and m edical com m u nities. T he G 4C su it which replaces the G 3C su it u sed on G T -3 has the following new featu res: a triple overvisor, a redu ndant pressu re closu re seal (zipper), and therm al and m eteoroid protection integ rated in the ou ter cover layer. Abort procedu res to be u tilized by the astronau ts in the u nlikely event it becom es necessary for them to term inate a m ission before orbital insertion are different from those u sed in the M ercu ry prog ram . In that prog ram , the fireball that wou ld have been created wou ld have been larg e enou g h to eng u lf an ejecting astronau t, so it was necessary to add an escape rocket to lift the entire spacecraft free of the area. T he G LV, on the other hand, u ses self-ig niting fu els which, u pon m ixing , create a fireball sm all enou g h so that the astronau ts can eject from the spacecraft in m u ch the sam e m an­ ner as is done in today's hig h perform ance jet aircraft. T his is called the M ode I abort pro­ cedu re. T he three abort m odes are m ore fu lly defined by the altitu de and elapsed tim e-after- lau nch param eters depicted on Fig u re 2. T MODE I - EJEC T AFTER SHUTDOW N MODE D - SALVO R ETR OS AFTER SHUTDOW N MODE TH - SHUTDOW N, SEPAR ATE, TUR N AR OUND, R ETR OFIR E SEA LEVEL FIG . 2 5/24/6 5 Pag e 2 M -931-6 5-04 LAUN CH VEH ICLE DESCRIPT ION T he G em ini Lau nch Vehicle (G LV) has been m odified by m an-rating an Air Force T itan II m issile. T he G LV has two stag es, the first 71 feet long and the second 18 feet long ; both stag es have a diam eter of 10 feet. T he g ross loaded weig ht of the two stag es is 337,521 pou nds and they both bu rn storable hyperg olic (self-ig niting u pon m ixtu re) propellants. First stag e thru st is approxim ately 430,000 pou nds at sea level. Second stag e thru st is approxim ately 100,000 pou nds. T he variou s system s of the G LV have been detailed in previou s G em ini M OR's and what follows is additional inform ation concerning m odifications m ade to G LV-4. T he fu el dam pener and oxidizer standpipe u sed to su ppress long itu dinal oscillations have been redesig ned. Bu tt welding vice lapped joints have been u tilized on the fu el tank condu its to elim inate m inu te cracks. M alfu nction Detection System circu itry has been redesig ned to provide separate indications of the su bassem bly thru st level and additional insu lation has been applied to provide increased fire protection. Sixteen T /M readou t points have been rem oved from the G LV becau se they are no long er requ ired and one rang e safety circu it has been added to the destru ct system interlocking AG E and the G LV m otor driven switch control. T his circu it will prevent switch cycling in the event that both set and reset sig nals are inadvertently applied du ring checkou t. T ABLE I PROJECT COST (In M illions) FY 6 2 FY 6 3 FY 6 4 FY 6 5 FY 6 6 FY 6 7 T otal Spacecraft 30.3 205.1 28 0.5 16 5.3 122.7 19.1 8 23.0 Lau nch Vehicle 24.4 79.1 122.7 115.4 8 8 .6 8 .5 438 .7 Operational Su pport .1 4.9 15.7 27.7 30.8 13.0 92.2 T otal RD & O 54.8 28 9.1 418 .9 308 .4 242.1 40.6 1353.9 T his level of fu nding will provide for twelve G em ini Lau nch Vehicles, twelve space­ craft, seven Ag ena T arg et Vehicles, six Atlas booster m issiles and the operational costs of flig ht testing and the associated G rou nd Su pport Equ ipm ent. SPACECRAFT T he spacecraft is 18 .75 feet long and its two sections, a reentry m odu le and an adapter section will weig h 7799 lbs. fu lly loaded with the astronau ts onboard. T he config u ration will be the sam e as was flown on G T -3 except for the following : m inor chang es have been m ade to switch positions and nom enclatu re, three additional (total of six) adapter 5/24/6 5 Pag e 3 M -913-6 5-04 batteries will be requ ired, radial thru sting T CA's and bu rst diaphrag m s in the "B" packag e that were rem oved for G T -3 are both installed on G T -4, and will act throu g h the Spacecraft Centers of G ravity. An H F antenna has been added to the adapter section for orbital u se and the H F transciever there has been rem oved. T he C-band phase shifter now has its own inverter, the recovery flashing lig ht can now be tu rned off du ring daylig ht hou rs, the H F antenna on the cabin section has been redesig ned, and the adapter S-band transponder in the adapter section has been replaced with a C-band transponder which will have a different pu lse spacing from the one in the spacecraft. In the G T -4 m ission S/C, u rine will be du m ped directly overboard from the u rine bellows throu g h a shu t-off and selector valve, a solenoid valve and a heated line. Redu ndancy is provided by the capability to du m p u rine throu g h the lau nch cooling heat exchang er (water boiler). T he m ain chu te disconnect cartridg e has been chang ed from a 22-second tim e delay to a zero second delay and new long -life attitu de thru sters have been installed. EXPERIM EN T S T he 13 experim ents are depicted and described on the following pag es: 1. D-1, Basic Object Photog raphy In condu cting this experim ent, the as­ tronau ts will em ploy elaborate photo- optical equ ipm ent to investig ate the technical problem s associated with observing , evalu ating , and photo­ g raphing objects in space. T hese objects inclu de the 2nd stag e of the lau nch vehicle and natu ral celestial bodies su ch as the m oon. Data from this experim ent will be u sed to evalu ate the astronau ts1 ability to view and track objects, and to m aintain object-cam era orientation by m aneu vering the spacecraft. Equ ipm ent which will be u sed is illu strated in Fig u re 3. FIG . 3 5/24/6 5 Pag e 4 M -913-6 5-04 2. D-6 , Su rface Photog raphy T his experim ent will investig ate the technical problem s associated with an astronau t's ability to acqu ire, track, and photog raph terrestrial objects from a space­ craft with m ore elaborate photo- optical equ ipm ent than that u sed previou sly. T he astronau t will photog raph selected series of objects du ring day-side and nig ht-side intervals of the flig ht u sing specified lens-film com bi­ nations. T he resu lting data will be u sed to evalu ate the astronau t's ability to m aintain object-cam era orientation by m aneu vering the spacecraft. Fig u re 4 shows the cam era m ou nt installed on the spacecraft window. 3. D-8 , Radiation in Spacecraft Data from this experim ent will be u sed to su pplem ent external radi­ ation m easu rem ents in stu dying the dose levels within the space­ craft resu lting from passes throu g h reg ions of varying radiation intensity. T wo tissu e-equ ivalent, cu rrent-m ode ionization cham bers will be u sed to m easu re the variation of absorbed dose-rate inside the spacecraft. Five sm all packets containing radia­ tion detection and m easu rem ent devices will be placed at variou s locations in the cabin to ascertain their su itability as convenient dosim eters of space radiation and m easu re total accu m u lated dose. Fig u re 5 shows som e of the equ ipm ent to be u sed for this experim ent. FIG . 4 D-8 R ADIATION IN SPAC EC R AFT FIG . 5 5/24/6 5 Pag e 5 M -913-6 5-04 4. D-9, Sim ple N avig ation T his experim ent is desig ned to develop and test navig ation pro­ cedu res which em ploy a sim ple stadim etric device and a sextant to m ake sig hting s and m easu rem ents in space u sing the horizon and stars as references. Data from sig hting s will be u sed in com pu ­ tations to determ ine orbital param eters. T hese resu ltswill be com pared with actu al param eters to determ ine the accu racy of the procedu res. T he hand held sextant to be u sed is shown in Fig u re 6 . 5. M -3 Z In-Flig ht Exerciser T he pu rpose of this experim ent is to assess the astronau ts1 capacity to perform physical work u nder spacecraft conditions. M onitored exercise will be perform ed by the astronau ts prior to the flig ht to establish control data. Isotonic exercises em ploying a bu ng ee cord and involving the arm s and leg s will be taken prior to and after exercising . Pu lse rate will be m onitored continu ou sly. T he inflig ht data obtained will be com pared with the control data to determ ine the capacity for work in space. Fig u re 7 shows the m anner in which this exercise wiII be perform ed. FIG . 6 FIG . 7 5/24/6 5 Pag e 6 M -913-6 5-04 6 . M -4, In-Flig ht Phonocardiog ram T he pu rpose of this experim ent is to m easu re the fatig u e-stag e of an astronau t's heart m u scle du ring a long -du ration flig ht. A m icrophone will be applied to an astronau t's chest wall at the cardiac apex. H eart sou nds detected du ring the flig ht will be recorded on an on­ board biom edical recorder. T he sou nd trace will be com pared to the waveform obtained from a sim u ltaneou s inflig ht electro­ cardiog ram to determ ine the tim e interval between electrical activation of the heart m u scle and the onset of ventricu lar systrole. Fig u re 8 illu strates the m ethod of installation of the phono­ cardiog ram transdu cer. 7. M -6 , Bone Dem ineralization T he pu rpose of this experim ent is to establish the occu rrence and deg ree of bone dem inerali­ zation resu lting from prolong ed weig htlessness du ring spaceflig ht. Special X-rays will be taken of an astronau t's heel bone and the term inal bone of the fifth dig it of the rig ht hand. T hree pre­ flig ht and three postflig ht exposu res will be taken of these two bones and com pared to determ ine if any bone dem inerali­ zation has occu rred du e to the space flig ht. Fig u re 9 illu strates the laboratory procedu re which will be u sed for this experim ent. FIG . 8 FIG . 9 5/24/6 5 Pag e 7 M -913-6 5-04 8 . M SC-1, Electrostatic Charg e Before rendezvou s m issions are attem pted, an investig ation m u st be m ade of the possibility of inadvertent ig nition of pyrotechnics and other detri­ m ental effects du e to discharg e of electrostatic charg e potentials du ring rendezvou s. In this experim ent, an electrostatic­ potential m eter, which protru des throu g h the wall of the space­ craft adapter assem bly, will be u sed to detect and m easu re any accu m u lated electrostatic charg e that m ay be created on the su rface of the spacecraft by ionization from eng ine exhau st. T his data will be analyzed to determ ine if the charg e is adequ ate to create a rendezvou s hazard. Fig - FIG . 10 u re 10 shows the detector installation. 9. M SC-2, Proton Electron Spectrom eter T his experim ent is desig ned to m easu re the qu antity and energ y of protons and electrons present im m ediately exterior to the orbiting spacecraft. T his will be accom plished by m eans of a scintillating -crystal, charg ed- particle analyzer m ou nted on the adapter assem bly of the spacecraft. Data from this experim ent will be u sed to correlate radiation m easu re­ m ents m ade inside the space­ craft and to predict radiation levels on fu tu re space m issions. T he proton electron spectrom eter installation is shown in Fig u re 11. FIG . 11 5/24/6 5 Pag e 8 M -913-6 5-04 10. M SC-3, T ri-Axis M ag netom eter In this experim ent, the direction and m ag nitu de of the earth's m ag netic field with respect to the spacecraft will be m easu red. A tri-axis flu xg ate m ag neto­ m eter, m ou nted in the adapter assem bly of the spacecraft will be u sed. T he equ ipm ent installa­ tion is shown in Fig u re 12. 11. M SC-10, T wo-Color Earth's Lim b Photos T he astronau t will obtain photo­ g raphs of the earth's lim b u sing a hand-held cam era, black and white film , and a special filter m osaic which will allow each pictu re to be taken partly throu g h a red filter and partly throu g h a blu e filter. After the flig ht, the neg ative will be su bjected to carefu l m easu re­ m ents, and the resu lting data will be u sed in statistical analyses to evalu ate the lim b radiance. T hese stu dies will be u sed to determ ine if the su n-lit earth's lim it can be FIG . 12 MSC -10 TW O-C OLOR EAR TH’S LIMB PHOTOS FIG . 13reliably observed in the short- visible or near-u ltraviolet spectral reg ion. T he cam era to be u sed for this experim ent is shown in Fig u re 13. 5/24/6 5 Pag e 9 M -913-6 5-04 12. S-5, Synoptic T errain Photog raphy T he objective of this experi­ m ent is to obtain hig h qu ality photog raphs of selected parts of the earth's su rface. T he spacecraft will be m anu ally oriented from an orbit m ode attitu de to a m oderately hig h cam era depression ang le attitu de. After a series of photog raphs has been taken, the spacecraft will be reoriented to the orbit m ode attitu de. Fou r spacecraft orientation m aneu vers will be requ ired du ring which approxi­ m ately 40 pictu res will be taken over areas of the GEMINI EXPER IMENT NO. $-5 SYNOPTIC TER R AIN PHOTOGR APHY PUR POSE OMAN HIGH OUAIHY PHOTOGR APHS OF THE FAITH'S SUR FAC E EQ UIPMENT to m m cam era an d film W EIGHT 1U. VOLUME 0.036 C U. FT. PR OC EDUR E po sitio n spacecraft, tare PIC TUR ES LOC ATION PR ESSUR IZED C ABIN PH O TO G RA PH O f TH E H IM ALAYAS IN TH E IN D IA , N EPA L, TIBET BO RD ER A REA , TA KEN BY A STRO N AU T I. G O RD O N CO O PER, JR., D U RIN G H IS 22-O RBIT M A -9 M ISSIO N . M G 4-1768 United States. Fig u re 14 shows one of the photos taken by G ordon Cooper which is sim ilar to the terrain photog raphs planned . 13. S-6 , Synoptic W eather Photog raphy T he objective of this experi­ m ent is to learn m ore abou t the earth's weather system s by obtaining hig h qu ality photo­ g raphs of selected clou d for­ m ations. As in experim ent S-5, the spacecraft will be oriented from an orbit m ode attitu de to a m oderately hig h cam era depression ang le attitu de After a series of photog raphs has been taken, the spacecraft will be reoriented to the orbit m ode attitu de. Approxim ately 10 orientation m aneu vers will be requ ired du ring which approxim ately 40 pictu res will be taken. T he photog raph shown in Fig u re 15 taken by G ordon Cooper is sim ilar to those planned on this flig ht. FIG . 14 SYNOPTIC W EATHER PHOTOGR APHY EQ UIPMENT zo m m cam era an d h im LOC ATION PR ESSUR IZED C ABIN M G 4-1767 PHOTOGR APH Of C LOUDS AND THE BUR MA W EST C OAST, W EST Of R ANGOON, TAKEN BY ASTR ONAUT I. GOR DON C OOPER , JR ., DUR ING HIS 22-OR BIT MA R MISSION. W EIGHT 1 LB. VOLUME 0.036 C U. FT. PUR POSE OBTAIN HIGH Q UAHTY C LOUD PHOTOGR APHS PR OC EDUR E po sitio n spacecraft an d take PHOTOGR APHS FIG . 15 5/24/6 5 Pag e 10 GEMINI EXPER IMENT NO. S-6 M -913-6 5-04 AST RON AUT S T he Com m and Pilot for the G T -4 m ission will be Jam es A. M cDivitt and the Pilot will be Edward H . W hite, II. T he backu p flig ht crew will consist of Frank Borm an as Com m and Pilot and Jam es A. Lovell, Jr., as Pilot. T heir pictu res and biog raphies follow: FIG . 16 FIG . 17 JAM ES A. M CDIVIT T Born in Chicag o, Illinois on Ju ne 10, 1929. H e g radu ated first in his class from the University of M ichig an with a B.S. in aeronau tical eng ineering . M cDivitt is m arried to the form er Patricia A. H ass of Cleveland, Ohio and has three children. M cDivitt joined the Air Force in 1951 and is an Air Force M ajor. H e was awarded three Disting u ished Flying Crosses, five Air M edals and the Choo M oo M edal from Sou th K orea. H e is a g radu ate of the United States Air Force Experim ental T est Pilot School and the United States Air Force Aerospace Research pilot cou rse. H e served at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an experim ental test pilot. M cDivitt has log g ed m ore than 3,000 hou rs flying tim e, inclu ding 2,500 hou rs in jet aircraft. M cDivitt was selected as an astronau t by N ASA in Septem ber 196 2. In addition to participating in the overall astronau t training prog ram he has had additional specialized du ties. T hese du ties inclu de m onitoring the desig n and developm ent of the g u idance and navig ation system s for the G em ini and Apollo spacecraft, as well as m onitoring the overall Apollo Com m and and Service M odu les. EDW ARD H . W H IT E II Born in San Antonio, T exas, on N ovem ber 14, 1930. W hite received his B.S. from the United States M ilitary Academ y and his M .S. in aeronau tical eng ineering from 5/24/6 5 Pag e 11 M -913-6 5-04 1 the University of M ichig an. H e is m arried to the form er Patricia E. Fineg an of W ashing ton, D.C. and has two children. W hite, an Air Force M ajor, received flig ht training in Florida and T exas, following his g radu ation from W est Point. H e attended the Air Force T est Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, in 1959. W hite was later assig ned to W rig ht-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, as an experim ental test pilot with the Aeronau tical System s Division. In this assig nm ent he m ade flig ht tests for research and weapons system s developm ent, wrote technical eng ineering reports, and m ade recom m en­ dations for im provem ent in aircraft desig n and constru ction. H e has log g ed m ore than 3,6 00 hou rs flying tim e, inclu ding m ore than 2,200 hou rs in jet aircraft. W hite was nam ed as a m em ber of the astronau t team selected by N ASA in Septem ber 196 2. FRANK BORM AN Bom in G ary, Indiana on M arch 14, 1928 . H e re­ ceived his B.S. from the United States M ilitary Academ y and his M .S. in aeronau tical eng ineering from the California Institu te of T echnolog y. H e is m arried to the form er Su san Bu g bee of T u cson, Arizona and has two sons. Upon g radu ation from W est Point, Borm an, now an Air Force M ajor, chose an Air Force career and received his pilot training at W illiam s Air Force Base, California From 1951 to 1956 he served with fig hter squ adrons in the United States and in the Philippines and was an instru ctor of therm odynam ics and flu id m echanics at the U.S. M ilitary Academ y, W est Point. H e was g radu ated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School in 196 0 and later served there as an instru ctor. In this capacity he prepared and delivered academ ic lectu res and sim u lator briefing s, and flig ht test brief­ ing s on the theory and practice of spacecraft testing . Borm an has log g ed m ore than 4,400 hou rs flying tim e, inclu ding m ore than 3,6 00 hou rs in jet aircraft. Borm an was one of the nine astronau ts nam ed by N ASA in Septem ber 196 2. JAM ES A. LOVELL, JR. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, on M arch 25, 1928 . H e received his B.S. from the United States N aval Academ y. Lovell is m arried to the form er M erilyn G erlach of M ilwau kee, W isconsin and has three children. Lovell, a N avy Lieu tenant Com m ander, received flig ht training following his g radu ation from Annapolis. H e served in a nu m ber of N aval FIG . 18 FIG . 19 5/24/6 5 Pag e 12 M -913-6 5-04 aviator assig nm ents inclu ding a three year tou r as a test pilot at the N aval Air T est Center at Patu xent River, M aryland, H is du ties there inclu ded service as prog ram m anag er for the F4H W eapon System Evalu ation. Lovell was g radu ated from the Aviation Safety School of the University of Sou thern California. H e served as flig ht instru ctor and safety officer with Fig hter Squ adron 101 at the N aval Air Station at Oceana, Virg inia. Lovell has log g ed 3,000 hou rs flying tim e, inclu ding m ore than 2,000 hou rs in jet aircraft. Lovell was selected as an astronau t by N ASA in Septem ber 196 2. In addition to participating in the overall astronau t training prog ram , he has been assig ned special du ties. T hese du ties inclu ded m onitoring desig n and developm ent of recovery and crew life su pport system s. T hese inclu de space su its, environm ental control system and developing techniqu es for lu nar and earth landing s and recovery. T he lau nch trajectory for the G T -4 m ission will be sim ilar to that flown by G T -3. In­ sertion will be at the sam e altitu de, 8 7 m iles, bu t the first apog ee of G T -4 will be 16 1 m iles. T he G em ini lau nch sequ ence is shown in Fig u re 20. FLIG H T PLAN In addition to the variou s orbital m aneu vers to be perform ed du ring the m is­ sion, as called ou t in T able II, other activities will be taking place as is shown below in T able III, a su m m arization of the Flig ht Plan. T he consu m able item s loaded onboard the spacecraft are shown in T able IV. T RAJECT ORY FIG . 20 5/24/6 5 Pag e 13 5/24/65 Page 14 *FOR PACIFIC LAN DIN G +T RANSLAT ION AL SYST EM CH ECK M AN EUVER AV H P/H A AFT ER M AN EUVERS POIN T OF APPLICAT ION DIRECT ION OF T H RUST T RAN SLA­ T ION AL T H RUST ER PURPOSE Separation 10FPS 8 7/16 1 N .M . SECO+2- FW D AFT S/C-Booster Separation 1 7FPS 91/16 1 N .M . 2d Apog ee FW D FW D Adju st lifetim e (for insertion dispersions. Evalu ate thru ster operation* 2A 12FPS Apog ee of 30th Rev. FW D Left Adju st lifetim e. Evalu ate thru ster operation* +T SC *1 5FPS Approx. 1 5 m i after 2A in Left Rig ht Evalu ate thru ster operation* Determ ine visu al characteristics of thru ster plu m e. T SC *2 5FPS 5 m in. after T SC *1 Down Up Evalu ate thru ster operation* Determ ine visu al characteristics of thru ster plu m e. T SC #3 5FPS 5 m in after T SC #2 Up Down Evalu ate thru ster operation. Determ ine visu al characteristics of thru ster plu m e* 2B 27FPS 94/134 N .M . Perig ee fallowing 2A AFT AFT Adju st lifetim e- Evalu ate 3-axis application- 3A 4FPS Apog ee of 45th Rev. FW D FW D Adju st lifetim e. Evalu ate thru ster operation. 3B 6 FPS 93/124 N .M . Perig ee fol lowing AFT FW D Adju st lifetim e* Evalu ate thru ster operation. 4 110FPS 45/99 (45/97)* 6 2d Rev. (or 6 6 th Rev/ AFT * AH Achieve OAM S retrofire. Evalu ate thru ster operation* M-913-65-04 M -913-6 5-04 T ABLE III IN -FLIG H T ACT IVIT IES T im e H RS:M IN Revolu tion N o. EVEN T Fu nction Day N ig htCP p 0:12 1 Insertion Checklist X X X 1:45 2 D-9 Experim ent X X X T ranslation M aneu ver X X 4:35 3-4 D-6 Experim ent X X 7:45 5-6 M SC-1,2,3, and 10 Experim ents X X M -3 Experim ent X X 11:15 7-8 M SC-2 and 3 Experim ents X X D-8 Experim ent X X 13:05 9 D-9 Experim ent X 17:05 11 D-l Experim ent X X 19:52 13-14 M -3 Experim ent X 24:00 16 S-5 Experim ent X 25:58 17-18 H F Com m u nication T ests X X X 29:25 19 D-9 Experim ent X X 31:20 20 5-6 Experim ent X X 31:40 21 M SC-2 & ^ Experim ents X X D-8 Experim ent X X 33:20 22 D-8 Experim ent X X S-6 Experim ent X X 43:00 28 S-6 Experim ent X S-5 Experim ent X X 44:25 29 S-6 Experim ent M -3 Experim ent X X X 46 :48 30 M SC-1 Experim ent X X T ranslation M aneu vers X X 47:33 31 T ranslation M aneu vers X X T hru ster Failu re Check X X Power Down S/C S-5 Experim ent X X X X S-6 Experim ent X 52:30 33-34 M -3 Experim ent X X 54:35 35 D-9 Experim ent X X X M SC-2 & 3 Experim ents >. X 56 :35 36 -37 S-6 Experim ent X X 41 D-9 Experim ent X 70:26 46 T ranslation M aneu vers M -3 Experim ent X X X Apollo Yaw Orientation X X X X Power Down S/C X X X 76 :30 49 M -3 Experim ent X X 77:20 50 D-9 Experim ent X X X 90:45 58 Power Down S/C X X X 95:45 6 1 M -3 Experim ent X X 96 -35 6 2 Pre Retro Checklist, T R-5 M inu tes Checklist, T R-1 M inu te Checklist X X X 97:32 Retrofire, Retro Jettison, Post-Retro Checklist X X X 97:46 6 3 Reentry, Drog u e Chu te Deploy, Pilot Chu te Deploy, M ain Chu te Deploy, T wo-Point Su spension, T ou chdown, Post-Landing Checklist X X X 5/24/6 5 Pag e 15 M -913-6 5-03 T ABLE IV G T -4 CON SUM ABLE LOADIN G S IT EM QUAN T IT Y REM ARK S Batteries 703 lbs. based Each battery has a on a 2400 A-h 400 A-h capacity OAM S Propellants Odixizer 246 lbs Fu el 16 4 lbs Oxyg en Prim ary 52 lbs Eg ress bottle are also Seconda ry 13 lbs carried if ejection is requ ired. Lithiu m H ydroxide 97 lbs Food lb lbs Drinking W ater Spacecraft 14 lbs Adapter 6 1 lbs RCS Propellants Oxidizer 40.4 lbs Fu el 31.6 lbs LAN DIN G SEQUEN CE At the end of the m ission, the parachu te landing sequ ence shown in Fig u re 21 will be em ployed. One item that shou ld be m entioned in this reg ard is that shou ld the 8 4-foot m ain parachu te fail to open, the crew can abandon the spacecraft by eject­ ing and u sing their personal parachu tes to effect a safe water landing . T he latter sequ ence wou ld also be em ployed shou ld the spacecraft com e in overland instead of the intended water landing . FIG . 21 5/24/6 5 Pag e 16 M -913-6 5-03 M ISSION M AN AG EM EN T RESPON SIBILIT Y T he G em ini Prog ram is m anag ed by the G em ini Prog ram Director who exercises his direction throu g h the Project M anag er at the M anned Spacecraft Center. T he direc­ tion of a specific m ission is accom plished by a M ission Director acting u nder the cog nizance of the Associate Adm inistrator for M anned Space Flig ht from the tim e a space vehicle is com m itted to flig ht test u ntil the end of the M ission Period. T IT LE Prog ram Director (Acting ) Depu ty Prog ram Director Prog ram M anag er M ission Director N AM E Dr. G .E. M u eller M r. W .C. Schneider M r. C.W . M athews M r. C.C. K raft ORG ANIZAT ION N ASA H eadqu arters N ASA H eadqu arters M SC M SC PROG RAM M AN AG EM EN T N ASA H EADQUART ERS Office of M anned Space Flig ht r 1 PROJECT M AN AG EM EN T M anned Spacecraft Center T RACK IN G & DAT A ACQUISIT ION SPACECRAFT LAUN CH VEH ICLE M SC M SC M SC G SFC M cDonnell Aircraft Co. SSD ET R Aerospace Corporation M artin Com pany Aerojet G eneral OPERAT ION S ORG AN IZAT ION FOR M ISSION PERIOD 5/24/6 5 Pag e 17 M -913-6 5-04 T RACK IN G AN D DAT A ACQUISIT ION T he g rou nd su pport network for G T -4 will be the G em ini M anned Space Flig ht N etwork (M SFN ) illu strated in Fig u re 22 and tabu lated in T able V. T here will be, however, som e m inor m odifications to the M SFN for the G T -4 m ission. T hese chang es for the G T -4 flig ht are prim arily in locating the rang e tracking ships in positions m ost advantag eou s for the orbits to be flown. T ABLE V - N ET W ORK REQUIREM ENT S FOR G T -4 N etwork G rou nd Station Code T racking T elem etry Com m and A/G voice Flig ht Controller M anned Sites Radar M istram Acq. aidG em ini lau nch vehicle spacecraft C Band or others as listed PCM FM /FM Links received KA DA RSDP* DCS T one UH F H F M erritt Island M ILA X Cape K ennedy/ M ission Control CN V/ M CC G E-M od lll-G X X Xa 3 X X X X X X X X Patrick AFB PAFB X G rand Baham as G BI X Xb Xa 3 Xb X Xc Xc Xc Xc G rand T u rk G T I X 3 Xb X X Xc Xc Xc Xc Antig u a AN T X 3 Xc X X Xc Xc Xc Ascension IslandA SC X Xc Xc Valkaria, Fla. VAL X Eleu thera Island ELU X Berm u da BDA X X 3 Xb X X Xc Xc Xc Canary Island CYI X X 3 X X X X Xc Xc X K ano, N ig eria K N O X 2 Xa Xc Xc T ananarive T AN 2 Xa Xc Xc Carnarvon CRO X X 3 X X X X Xc Xc X Canton Island CT N X 2 Xa Xc Xc H awaii H AW X X 3 X X X X Xc Xc X G u ay m as, M ex.G YM X 3 X X X Xc Xc X Corpu s Christi T EX X 3 X X X X Xc Xc X Rose K not VictorRK V X 3 X X X X X X X Coastal Sentry CSO X 3 X X X X X X X Rang e T racker RT K X X 2 Xa Xc Xc Pt Arg u ello, CalCAL X X Xc Xc W hite Sands, N M W H S X X Eg lin AFB EG L X X M SC, H ou ston M CC X X T elem etry Aircraft (d) N OT ES: a - Record Only c - Rem oted to and from the M CC b - Rem oted to M CC d - T hree telem etry aircraft in prim ary recovery area * Rem ote Site Data Process (RSDP) T he g rou nd network su pport facilities inclu de the M CC-H ou ston, Cape K ennedy (CN V), Air Force Eastern T est Rang e (AFET R) downrang e stations, the M SFN, and G oddard Space Flig ht Center (G SFC). Real tim e tracking and the acqu i­ sition of data for post flig ht evalu ation will be provided by optical and photo­ g raphic system s, M IST RAM , G E M od III radar, C-band radar, and the Im pact Predictor (IP) 7094. T he network as listed in T able V will m onitor spacecraft and lau nch vehicle PCM telem etry. T he flig ht controller-m anned stations, as shown in T able V will display selected spacecraft data for real-tim e evalu ation and transm it these data to the M CC via teletype. T he M CC will u se both the Dig ital Com m and System (DCS) for transm itting com m ands. All the rem ote sites that are flig ht controller-m anned, except for G YM , will have the DCS com m and capability. T one com m ands for u se by the Rang e Safety Officer will be u sed for m anu al fu el cu toff (M FCO), au xiliary second stag e cu toff (ASCO), and Destru ct. 5/24/6 5 Pag e 18 5/24/65 Page 19 FIG . 22 M-913-65-04 M -913-6 5-04 BACK G ROUND Project G em ini is the stepping stone between the com paratively sim ple one-m an orbital flig hts of Project M ercu ry and the com plexities involved in the m u lti-m an lu nar flig hts of Project Apollo. As su ch, G em ini's prim e reason for being is to increase knowledg e of m an's capabilities in space and in developing operational techniqu es to su pport the Apollo Prog ram . T hu s, G em ini's objectives becom e: a. Long -du ration flig hts - u p to fou rteen days b. Rendezvou s and m aneu ver in space c. Docking with a targ et vehicle d. Extra-vehicu lar activities by the astronau ts e. Controlled reentry f. Operational training for all flig ht personnel concerned T o accom plish these objectives, a series of flig hts have been planned of which this G T -4 is the fou rth. T he first three dem onstrated respectively: orbital insertion capability, spacecraft stru ctu ral integ rity, and crew accom m odation qu alities. T he fou r-day m anned flig ht will fu rther dem onstrate m anned space flig ht capabilities for the su pport of fu tu re m issions of even long er du ration. T he rem aining eig ht G em ini flig hts, all of which will be m anned by two astronau ts, are tabu lated in T able VI with type of m issson and approxim ate date of flig ht: * Inclu des rendezvou s evalu ation pod T ABLE VI M ission N o. M ission Objectives Date G T -5 Seven-day flig ht with experim ents* Latter 196 5 G T A-6 Radar rendezvou s and docking Early 196 6 G T -7 14-day Extra-vehicu lar activities Early 196 6 G T A-8 Optical rendezvou s and docking Early 196 6 G T A-9 Sim u ltaneou s cou ntdown and rendezvou s M id 196 6 G T A-10 Direct rendezvou s M id 196 6 G T A-1 1 Apollo-LEM rendezvou s sim u lation Late 196 6 G T A-12 Apollo-LEM abort sim u lation Early 196 7 T he planned end-of-the-m ission tou chdown point is in the Atlantic Ocean approxi­ m ately 400 m iles sou thwest of Berm u da as is shown in Fig u re 23. T his is the prim ary landing area. T he G T -4 m ission em ploys a zone concept for recovery which estab­ lishes fou r recovery zones: East Atlantic, W est Atlantic, W est Pacific and M id­ Pacific. Each zone consists of a circu lar area with a radiu s of 240 nau tical m iles in which variou s ships and planes will be stationed. An aircraft carrier will be sta­ tioned only in the prim ary landing area as illu strated in the recovery forces diag ram 5/24/6 5 Pag e 20 M -913-6 5-04 GT-4 PR IMAR Y AND SEC ONDAR Y LANDING ZONES, R EC OVER Y SHIP SUPPOR T AND C ONTINGENC Y R ESC UE FOR C ES FIG . 23 of Fig u re 24. Other areas in the world along the g rou nd tracks are called conting ency landing areas. Becau se these conting ency landing areas are world-wide, it has been necessary to pre-position certain aircraft with their associated crews, pararescu em en, and param edics so that they will be able to reach the spacecraft in su fficient tim e to render aid to the downed astronau ts. T hese conting ency forces have been deployed to the bases shown in Fig u re 23. It shou ld be noted that there are nu m erou s types of aircraft in the lau nch area and prim ary landing area for telem etry, weather reconnaissance, aerial photog raphy, and recovery operations. In addition to these aircraft there are also several helicopters in the pri­ m ary recovery area from the aircraft carrier that are carry­ ing swim m ers. T hese swim m ers deploy into the water and attach an au xiliary flotation collar to the spacecraft. Lau nch area recovery forces are de­ picted in Fig u re 25. FIG . 24 5/24/6 5 Pag e 21 M -913-6 5-04 FIG . 25 5/24/6 5 Pag e 22 N ASA ROUT IN G SUP C ODE NAME (if necessary) AC TION APPR OVAL A C ONC UR R ENC E FILE INFOR MATION INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE NOTE AND FOR W AR D NOTE AND R ETUR N PER R EQ UEST R EC OMMENDATION SEE ME SIGNATUR E R EPLY FOR SIGNATUR E OF; R EMAR KS: R OM: CODE: NAME; DATE: NA SA Form 26 (Rev J an, 1963) U.S. GOVER NMENT PR INTING OFFIC E : 1968 OF —671645 N ASA ROUT IN G SLIP C ODE NAME (if nfctjjaf?) '"action approval 1. C ONC UR R ENC E FILE 2. inf orm ation INVESTIGATE ANO ADVISE 3. NOTE AND FOR W AR D NOTE AND R ETUR N 4. PER R EQ UEST R EC OMMENDATION 5. SEE ME sig natu re 6. R EPLY FOR SIGNATUR E OF: 7. R EMAR KS FR OM; C ODE: NA SA Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) NAME: DATE: U.S. GOVER NMENT PR INTING OFFIC E 1963 OF —67184$ 3otR^- C^ $1* Aft^mc ®^ SeW f«M ©r CT -4- 04 p. P^bCiG FT i^C* T x-rv IhF*- ^—- 7.4-5 ^L<^' Belt 11 *^1 * 33 or some thi nr. like that down from looking at the air glowdge on Now the air glow was discovered, quite a number of years ago when it was studied from the ground the hard way and, uh, uh, by betometer (?), and by (triangulation), by trying to determine how high it was, it was many yearn before one Hid some idea how high the air glow really was, .and in a moment wo will I nd lente how in a matter of seconds Glenn and j^Jt^Ttet^^Carpcntcr was able to determine in a matter of seconds how high it was. And then ho did away with 30 years of hard work. Again, there was a discovery made there, hut the point was that in a few seconds from the right vantage point you ran do a Join Now with the air glow then looking edge on it sort of, uh, ... we’ll ... a band we never mean by band a real perfectly designed band like in the slide or something like that, it somebJiiics a little fuzzy hub this is the air glow band and this is the earth, and this is roughly about 90 kilometers as determined by Carpenter and by rocket passing through the air glow. Uh, this is the air glow edge on that we have heard about this morning uh, it was used in connection with the (Sextan) experiments and so on. Now I Just wanted to give you some idea of whore wo stand in brightness. Now, uh, before Glenn was bo have gone off uh, thought was to have him iltinJ^some visual oboervabions during whatever time he might have. And NASA head­ quarters and we at Goddard uh, thought about it a little bit and, uh M^^ J?U^ ^ Ceh * Murry (brownian) and Johnson ((ii.LJ) and myself thought perhaps a little work on bho air glow might ho a good beginning. And uh, uh, John Glenn was given a narrow, i h be-rfo romre Til tor very similar to this type that was used over the (hcxtui^T' lib, he, he, us, did not have very much time ^ 3&^ Belt 11 to use itj but he^ uh, did, uh, have a chance to observe the air glow with the naked eye and he saw it edge on and he called it, uh ... . name for it at the moment and..........and really the first time you see a thing like that you don’t know whether it haze or luminous sort; it does look hazy. Unfortunately, the press and other people kept that term in existence a long time, so long that a number of astronomers In Europe . . . . papers on this. Much of this haze layer was 'cully a hazy layer and consist, consist-1 ng of dust particles and so on. Really, what Glenn saw was air glow edge on a J uminou^ layc r. There may be a little dust there, /^ SjL^^aA ^^/^|\^v MG8?r®y may have something to say about that, but the predominate feature is i t is a self J uminous layer. Now, Carpenter has more time to observe it. lie took the interference filters back up with him, and uh, he was able to time a star passing through the air glow as the star was setting and lie noted it and turned it very carefully . . . . through the air glow the upper the lower and when it disappeared. From that careful timing information one was able to pin down the exact time of the air glow. Roughly GO kilometers. And this Is what took many many years to do I'rom the ground by lug angu! ati on (;) which Is very very difficult cause you never know how to take ^nrc of LI ml............. transmission was later done hy rorket passing through the air glow returning when the . * was.......... But (Carpenter) was able to do this in a matter of seconds. Well that started ....... observation. Uli, we had hoped that later on perhaps the ......... light which is very difficult to see near the sun, on earth you ^an sec it only when the sun is, oh, some Bolt 11 Ph or' so degrees below Uh- horizon. Wo sometime see Astronauts might be able to sec that- Uh, Cooper was able to see the . - . light, and uh, illite and McDivitt saw the . . . light, very well. Uh, the let’s see there’s another point here; well, we’ll go back to that in a moment- The reason I think have the other designs bo show what ran be done. If we have Mine to show whub ran bo done by extending visual observations we will do so. Uh, some of these new results, uh, that McDivitt and White were able to record are very interesting. Uh, first of all, they saw a structure in the air glow and this is the first time this is reported. In one instance, a uh, -.............. - . is seen some structure in the air glow that they’re looking edge on turns (white) .... This has never been observed before. It is very hard to observe this with a rocket; you don’t know when to fire the rocket to do that. They, they observed that. They observed another interesting thing. They observed meteor going into the earth’s atmosphere down below them. It is the first time a meteor Is reported from uh, uh, space by an astronaut. And it was a very pecu­ liar experience? for them I am sure? because they saw the things below them going down into the earth’s atmosphere-. They saw when they were over Australia, they saw uh, over Australia they saw (southern) lights uh, this again Is the first time I think this is reported by astronauts- They saw those these si 1 ver lights below them as a, a curtain 1 think that they can guess ..... a lot better than I could. Uh, uh, .... and this Is sort or below them. They both saw the uh, southern lighy? Uli, these, these arc sort th* night time phenomena. There are some interesting twilight phenomena that is difficult observe Prom rockets or satclites and they have- boon waU-hing sunrise and sunsets. Uh, they found sunrises more 3 Belt 11 L spectacular than sunsets- I will try to explain that in a moment if 1 can* Uh; . . . . going to go hack a moment to what Coopery uh; what Schirra uh; saw during a twilight right after sunset. He observed; uh; the planet Mars and he observed at twilight; the sun had just set; a very specta- cular array of colors; he describes them very carefully in the report, in the blue book, his blue book, and summarys blue book too* Uh; he described a rather interesting blue band that’s three blue bands; you can call Schirra’s blues. Uh,.......... .is true and he's able to do quite well, with blues. He observed a dark blue, light blue, and a dark blue. And the word "light" is a difficult word. When one says light one doesn’t know whether one means the blue was a lighter hue or it was brighter. But, it, it appears to be a light blue, and one has to use these words for what they stand. Anyway, we uh, from what these observations were is (reportedly) on to a tape and is ... - (debriefing) and afterwards we are all very consistent. We had an order to try to construct this thing. The first time around it needed a little correction when Schirra saw it; the second time around he was somewhat, he was quite pleased with it. We didn’t quite know what this thing (band) was ut first; we’re still not too sure. Uh, we think it might be looking ....... timeless tube because the .... tomorrow is - - . use the same technique for timing ns Carpenter had started. Uh, we think possibly, one is observing the ozonispherc edge on. The ozonisphere is approximately, uh, oh, from 10 bo 1*5 kilometers high up to rO, some­ thing like that. It seems to have a maximum around 25 or 20 kilometers. The, uh, ozone us you know, is very very absorbing in the ultraviolet. Belt 11 in .fuel eoinplct< absorbent below J000 tor solar radiation coming . does not penetrate. There is another weak band of ozone in the red^ yellow, and green ... in the - . . band uh, at, uh, distance 5000 • . . ^000 .... 6000 .... 7000 and if by clock uh, absortion this way Lhen a weak ozone band or something like that- And IL does subtract, it docs absorb a bi L of Lho n d, yclJow, green and Lho ozone is Completely transparent and the mason V/'O down to 55 Lien it starts taking oil again and then it becomes again the well known deep absorption uh, in the ultraviolet. Well, uh, there is only an equivalent of £ mil one tens or J mi lime tors . - . g or 5 mi lime tors equivalent of ozone in the upper atmosphere that is of course, because complete (conti nuation) of the sun- Light* However, when you look at this edge on you’re looking through quite a long path and this, perhaps, this ozone does seem to this weak absorption begins becoming equal. So IL dots attract out a lot of red, yellow, and green Light that otherwise would exist in this rarely uL~ mosphoru, this blue atmosphere that (uses) .... scattered light. There’s certainly a lot nt red, yellow, and green in the blue sky any­ way. And by attracting that out you end. up with another kind of blue, ozone blue, whir’ll look;; probably d i th ri-ntly from, di Terent from the . . blue. Ln act, this is wh.it it wan. W< weren’t sure1 and then yesterday. late yesterday, nt, the astronauts showed us some of the movies they were Lukin,:, Lhey had. been taking with their gm came *m and uh, on the whole in some of the very spec turn bar sunsets. there tils hand appears. There's a light ef blue. Again, c: . they weren’t that light that the coloring in Lin Lop of those .... naked eye, but, uh, tills is very true. Belt 11 Anyway, Uh re’s i case where Uchi era’s risual observation has teen confirmed by photography, motion picture photography. The explanation I give may or may not be right, I don't know. I haven’t had a chance to .Look at all the other problems. There’s also a dust layer in here within this generaJ region too around £0 kiloTnetcrs which could add some scattering and - . . • the situation down by the white light too well, X don’t know, it may be very complicated. So here’s another situation where an observation, later confirmed by, uh, another set of astronauts doing the job by (physical) means- Uh, Cooper made some very interesting ob- nervations. At night he, uh, during moonless nights, ho had no trouble seeing clouds looking straight down. And this is interesting because uh, well, we know why he can sue the clouds now thud, he says he could. It is si mply Utah L i io se c i c) ud s a re be i j ig I I lum i nu led by 11i c a i rglow. The air glow is the..........Tight source is 11 1. uml nating down on the clouds and air glow is very transparent in solar radiation and that sort of thing, so when you look down you're getting uh, sort of . . . right behind it, you’re getting an intensement of, of light here and you lx ' e c J c > i ids a nd o I ‘ course’ 111 e res t I s a fac to r of t wc > d i ffe rent . * * So he has no I. rouble seeing clouds. This is interesting because the poop 0 ■ now arc working on the pole-vault air glow experiment which will re launched..........this yeac. Hh, well, we..................no. they have- ’L Lime to figure how they separ to the air glow observations . . . . cloudr. ....... But uguin this particular observation brings to I ighL sonic problems wll I face people who uro working on a major satellite. There’s another interesting little by-product. Cooper also had no trouble racing the earth loin at night. Uli, without moon. This is Belt 11 reasonable too, Dr cause uh, as yo^ look in tris direction you see the always the edge on air Glow. But you also are looking through the air Glow, as it is coming around; you're looking sort of taking two passes through the air glow instead of one, long big path and you are getting some1 l ight; and you arc not getting very much light from the surface of the earth. Go there is a kind of s (positive) contrast. There’s a little bit of light, here and........ up in here. Uh, McDivitt and White reported the same thing, although, McDivltt said that when wo asked him what was moon condition, ho says wasn’t; concerned about it because he could see the earth Jem all the time. Well, fine, if the moon is out it is illuminating the earth’s 1cm and perhaps the1 it was a little brighter than the air glow when there Is no moon the other way around. But the point is the ri' is a lino of demurkation, at night- In fact, they prefer, the thing the ’line of demarkation is much more; firm at night than in the daytime. The daytime, day the cloud situation is uh, very difficult but there’re clouds at night, too, but uh, I think, one - - - effect of (night) one is not seeing too much dota.il. IL seems that they, they may have something to nuy about this. Uh, uh, I" haven’t had much time to think about it but, uh, they did seem to feed that Uris, this, situation at rdg'd. was a JiLLJc bit sharper in the daytiom. than in the daytime. Doos Cho air gj ow vary in elevation? Uh, yer., i i. doo:;* Uh, but not very much. hoi. the uh, uh, the visable air g I ow ?nid the, the green air glow, the green continues. Oh, I might make one :n.a Lock • 11U 1, I think maybe by our not being careful enough early in tho game, by separating the ’/)77 atomic oxygen green line of the air ylow Crow the eontinti&r^ may have caused people to think that there's sonic th j ny very mayjc about the yreen (line). Belt 12 1 ^77 atomic oxygen green line of the air glow from the continual we may have caused people to think that there’s something very magic about the green (line). If you are starting the green line certainly you want to observe the green line..............are built very carefully to observe (holding) the green line in and uh, would continue (near). But for........ applications it may not bo always wise to subtract the (continuim). In other words, while you’re dealing with and this is again those tOOO, 7000 .... 2J mentioned 3377 is the green line right here but there’s a strong continuim right along here. A lot of light here; this is the light we’ve been taikang about. This visual night (glow) visable night glow edge on is is the total. So there’s a lot of light there and Just . . . . in the Sextant experiment .... constructively critical perhaps the reason why the .... didn’t work too well is after one is throwing away a lot of light. Uh, this is not as bad as the case of fog lights you know. Remember years ago the fog lights were yellow. They were light wasters. There is no reason, the only reason why they worked well is they were low down so eventually the yellow .... disappear. But you don’t want to wastes any light. However, White will point out to you or .... he did prefer using the green filter and McDivitt preferred riot using the filter. So ..... first to depends a lot your own method of observation. I do want to point out that one has to be very careful how one makes .... applications of air glow. Uh, .... recall any other, uh, things, they, you weren ' t here yesterday; ..... know a I Ittic hit about it. Uli, I think I should..........sensitiveity if each of the astronauts Belt 0 t starting with Glenn who had trouble getting ............. Well, I really don't want to get into that too much for this reason. Finally, there will be a very fine experiment carefully planned through the .... I mean sensitivity uh, Oh, uh, uh, 0. K. Well, Glenn didn't a change to get .... and therefore he wasn't able to make the same acute observations for example, as Cooper was able to make because for example, I don't think Glenn had an oppor­ tunity to really get .... and see very much on the daytime skies but you mean maybe, uh, that type of uh, Well, uy, yes, uh, or even starlight. Oh, alright, Cine, alright, I see what you mean. What was the (landing) orbit magnitude? Yes. 0. K. Uli, .... going back to ... . let me continue with that Uh, in one ease Cooper was taking a small, woke up and opened his blind and looked out and he was on the day side. The earth was directly below him, the sun was directly behind him. So the earth was not illuminating any portion of the window nor was it illuminating anything that the window saw. There is not primary, secondary .... area.......... like that. He hud u pretty good situation and he did see stars in the (laytime but he did indicate that hr was not able to see as well in the day side us he did at night und he saw quite well at night. And, again wr knew there's a day air glow but its very difficult to measure and here Is a beginning of a subjective observation of, of its (men) at the Pelt U (:: Uition) uml T hope r.ow Hay there w; | | pg sensitive enough to........ on board so that during the day side one can look and observe physically what the day air glow is. Now this is very important because here we have the orbiting next year and very important background prob­ lem. Two of the orbiting........ observatories............are above the air glow, this air glow. But the day air glow is much higher and uh, at least, there's good evidence in the rocket measurements that it's higher and it's sort of associated with a red air glow. And, so here's our situation where an astronaut was able to subjectively note the difference between day and night in tlie (sky) Uh, McDivitt and White were able to see down to 7th and 8th inagniture stars where as the other astronauts were not able to see so well. Again it may be a question of time (darkmentation) perhaps not that much more time but uh, . ......... they were getting down to uh, the kinds of sensitivity .... that uh, should be possible under, under good conditions of dull atmosphere. Uh, should we mention anything (about) the window (pane) and uh, ........ to hear more about it, the question on did uy, White smear something on the window or take something off with his elbow or something. It appeared, from what we heard, that he tood something off there has been some accumulation (?) them scattering the medium on the window and we took some of it off and when it look at what tie did, they have to look in, in through the window, it looked black where he had rubbed something off, and Uiis seems to make sense because scattered light .... coming in and scattering off window which had. accumulation of little particles which are brought or something which would get in the light the place where tie moved it and again it. looked. But after all the cockpit inside is Belt 12 relatively black compared to the outside. And this is true and they looked cut through the window uh, there seemed to be a change. In fact, they have aphotograph of this (spot)........ talk about that. Uh, they are very uh, they say the astronauts have taken advantages of every possible opportunity .... to note something unusual. And he keeps all the copies............ Uh*............I think we can look a little bit to the future. I think we all would like to extend the .... range of vision and the way to do that is with Inage converters. This may be very practical. Uh, if one is dealing with uh, the idea of perhaps using a violet lens rather than a blue to get down to a region that is ........ many more comments on. You may be getting into a region where the eye is not very sensitive or not sensitive at all, yet it is a very inter­ esting region to do practical navigation well, there one can use the image converter and have the eye become sensitive through an image converter to uh, (the near violet). There are many observations that have made from rockets that are hard to repeat. Uh, for example, ultraviolet aurora. We’re not sure this happened but uh, two of these........ in a rocket and through air and it got saturated Find it burns out that it probably was a very strong ultraviolet aurora over Wallops Island. And fortunately Iwo of the (sac tome tors) worked and because they were .... to such high sensitivity but the other two wen1 .... Well, uh, there was no visable counterpart of this area; there was no way of knowing it; satellites hove..........astronauts might be able to look around and see ..... ultraviolet aurora. They saw this aurora in south Australia visually. Well, that’s the beginning* Perhaps with image converters they might pick up some other aurora. ...................... ultraviolet......... uh, is a very .... region; wo don’t know whether Belt 12 5 i.han other kind, uh portions. Now here again an image converter will conver .... light to visable Light. Uh, tueir observations that have neon made or these nebulocities(?) which may or may not be so? these arc ultraviolet nebulocities(?) in the 1200-1300 region. Again one might have an image converter or create an image in a mutter of a moment, look at a line(?) and see if one can see this nrbulocj titg (? )* Maybe one ... Inst rumentai problem(?) we don11 know. In this typo of experiment very difficult to achieve. Uh, well, I think that’s about all I wan Led to say uh, I am sure you’ll get a much bettor feeling of how those observations were made arid how they appeared; the astronauts when they tell you abou the, when.,.. The last thing on our program is the astronauts, and they’ve obviously been delayed so I suggest wo take a coffee break while we wait, for them....We’ll cut our coffee break shor . Colonel McDivitt and Colonel White have shown up here. Uh, maybe we can recount^?), take a minute and recount, for them what we’ve done. Uh, our intent here was to have each of our experimenters go through the background of the experiment, go through the experiment., and also give semi of your ('ommrnts you gave to them yesterday, so us l.o til I in an murh background ns you could. I thinly that the speuker(?) would a ppme i a tt■, if you would., uh, gave some of your own comments and ubservatieim on each of these exporLments,where you par­ ticipated. more than Lh< (switch w'ju in operation?), and, uh, give I.hem the opportunity to ask a few questions based on the other things they talked about this morning... And L guess this morning we w'-nL through the mcdieal experiments first.... the medical experiments Belt 12 6 and, uh, choice as to how you......... (Actually) two hours in space. I don't think there are any questions on that. Ha, Ha. The X-rays (?) didn’t cause any significant hardships as far as the..... to flight* 'they made us get up whaL, 10 minutes earlier. Yeah. Well, you can hack (?) that. 01 neo there was only 4-5-(?) I guess That’s most serious problems and I wanted a milkshake or something as soon as 1 landed and I couldn’t have it. Said I couldn’t have any calcium until, what, (20 hours afterwards?) As fur as the flight problems That’s a pretty safe floor (?) my heel didn’t hurt at all. Mine’s all healed up. Tia, Ha. I didn’t think you had enough shield at the moment (?) Ha, Ha. The uh, phonocardiogram (?) like some of the other senses (?).... couple days (?) Not so that we couldn’t carry on the mission. It wasn’t any more bothersome than any of the other ones. I’d been interested tn, interested in knowing, uh, the..... results of them. 11 hasn’t come up..... Yeah. What I’m real Ly intercepted in is whether or not our motion disturbed the microphone enough so that you heard a lot of other things....and not necessarily our heard,. but we did uh, always have the band on the..... Belt 15 nad the.... man on the tape. The EKG? On the biometry tape recorder. They were arranged in such a manner that the - the phonocardio­ gram by itself was not recorded on both tape recorders. It was only recorded on one tape recorder. And since we were not necessarily interested in the man who was awake, because he was moving around and you weren’t going to try to get around to that anyway. Whenever one went to sleep, his biomod tape recorder was on. Most of the flight profile on the biomed Do either of you talk in your sleep? No, I don’t believe so. Jim doesn’t, do it? There were some - throughout the sleep I felt fine. 1 know I moved around, moved my arms and tried to get more comfortable. I only used about half of my first throe sleep periods, which.... Arc there any other questions on that? On the group of..... your heel to heal, meaning that all the calcium has been redeposited by the time the third X-ray was being... No, it is ui I headed up right now. There is nothing wrong with it. We don’t really have the data yet, 1 just talked to Dr...... We heard this morning that 8 to 10 percent, 8 to 10 percent calcium de l ie ient. Well, we made a..... and I run afraid we loss - not quite back Not quite all buck. |\k>i quite nd I back and we were a little curious. We wondered if maybe licit 13 we do provide extra shielding on the right side of the pilot’s heel until a couple of weeks from now we will check it again out of curiosity. It is not part of the protocol or anything else. That1s all r ight * But^ we are just curious to find out. Now wo realize that you have Just been parading... .....the mure you Jump around on it the more it comes back* 1 don’t know if you think you have been jomping more or.... I will tell you one thing - 1 haven’t hud my fair share of ice cream and milk. When hud you taken your last X-rays? Postflight, about, Lt’s a little over 10 days, it was supposed to be 10 days and it turned out to he IP, I believe. We Just had them. Came down the 7th right, and we Just did it yesterday morning, so there it is, the 23rd, about the 23rd day, I think if it is a function of exercise, and.... It is not a direct function, I mean that is one variable, but it is just a curiousity that we hud expected that it would be back up by now and it is riot quite* hack near pre. Wo 1 I , what is it now? How many percent down is it? Cun you tell? Well, it varies new between the two of you. And these are still wry pre I imi nary now. We took those yesterday, and we - they were still practically wet wlnn wo were doing Lt, but we are still Belt 15 probably 4 or 5 percent below what you were when we took our pre- riighto, and those were very constant, especially the first two. Well, if we are still 4 or 5 percent down, then we only went down about 8 percent. 1< i ght, What Is the sensitivity in your method? Well, is I pointed out tills morning, it depends on the situation, but we think we are definitely within 5 percent. It - we produced it on several machines - many times wo get much closer than that, but we are not - we don't want to ^o out and say Hint we are - it varies. Whut was your experience with the exercise? Yes, well Jet me comment on this first, because I think I deviated further the experiment. But after about 2 days I felt that I wasn’t getting any exercise at all, and there is a limit to how much push­ ing on the floor that you can do, so 1 got clearance from Dr, Grady, to go ahead and use the exerciser throughout the remainder of the flight. Not only as a method of exorcise as prescribed in our medical type I passes, but also us a form of exercising my arms and legs, however I saw fit. And I did do this through the remainder of the flight, I think the reason j did this. I sori of felt, it was advan­ tageous to go 4 days and be capable to got outside the spacecraft by myself than to sort of stay in the state of hibernat ion, I kind of liked your (■ omm0 seconds or so. What ever it said in the flight. ^0 seconds. Have you got any data back on it yet? Hevefi on the computer* Any other questions on those three? What was the cost of the photography? The weather and marine photography. Did you skip MSC-10? Okay, 10. I would like to say we got some good pictures and I appreciate it. There again, it was a pretty straight forward experiment. We didn’t have any difficulty with it. I’ve got a couple of questions about the ES5. A couple of things that came up last night. You said - you know the systematic photo- graphy across the United States, every 5 seconds, how did you time that? Count, or clock or how? 1 started the event timer with the digital clock that we got in minutes and seconds, arid then T controlled spacecraft and then I set the mark every 5 seconds. I seo, arid lid cranked the camera on and took the picti res. Did the same subject, do you think that one man could do this by himself. Tins is important to tile flight plan, do you think it Lukes both men to do iL? I think so; 1L would be very difficult to time it and control the spacecraft us you Luke the pictures. Belt 15 9 1 think you could get some degree of pictures, but I don’t think that you could get the same set that you got. The set we lostin the southern part of Mexico, I believe I did one time when Jim was asleep, but it was not nearly as long a period and I think it was only probably about 12 pictures* This is shorter piece, but the country isn’t very lung. Yes* Well, were focusing it then Ed* Yeah, ( just wanted to get Lt all set up ahead of time, and by the time we passed there we didn’t change it a great deal* But on the puss that we made across the United States, it was, I think, most precisely held straight down, and we went much longer period of time and there were controls that were made, and to sit there and fiddle with the controller and time yourself and turn the camera and take the picture, you can’t do it as exact us you can. Okay, 1 will, put that in as a firmatlve request for my experiment if at all possible, have both pilots on the job. Por any of your sequence pictures. Yeah. Those other ones, the target....... * End of belt. Belt 14 0. K. , I’m going to put that....address prefer request for my experi­ ment If that is at all possible to have both pilots on the job for any of your sequence pictures. Another one’s Target of Opportunities if you don’t need the controls the ones that we’ve got you weren’t, all straightened out......... ....you don’I necessarily pass over them, you know. The thing they want to take a picture of is over here; it’s best to lake a picture. You guys certainly have your eyes open, buy some of those things-- that volcano shot, that reshot structure especially, that’s really going to give us the mileage. Could you make a comment just on the general stability of the spacecraft, ..........pulsing and you stopped once, and you were wait­ ing; how long did it take for rates to build up, for instance, how long could a fellow count* on maybe pulling position in general? Whoever got the rates stopped I’d say it takes him a couple of days for him to get started. There’s nothing to make them go except that rotating machinery which Is practically nil.... :'o, just a mutter of the metal break with the jet........ Hut you have to remember, though, ns you get your rates all stopped, you’re 1ne r t i ully fixed and the th I ng * s rota ti iig underne ath you, so you’re not stopped with the respect that what, you want.... korty degrees per minute....per second. In the same vein, do you notice any reactive motion in the space­ raft when you’re inside, when you disturb it, when you move around nt all? I could feel I'M moving around, but whether 1 fell it moving around Belt 1U 2 a-.... because he was actually moving the spacecraft or whether I felt it moving around because he was bumping it, either that, now I didn't move you really, but I’m sure that you quite felt some (stable?) so I don’t know whether it was that kind of a thing I was feeling or whether it was the spacecraft e(Teets. I don’t...... You don’t tend to..... you don’t tend ho pick up these motions from the spacecraft..... I remember several times when I kicked into the footwell that you mintioned; you could hear that, but I’m sure that was just some­ thing that he heard, and that I didn’t really disturb the motion of the spacecraft. What about the externally.....I mean, could you disturb.... Tire could. Bure could. ’Phen you were aware that when he did it? 1 sure was. But I also know it too. I knew the times when, when I kicked off hard on the spacecraft, so I...and this was the limes that I wanted io gel all the way out to the end of the cutter, and that was the time that .Jim remarked, one time when 1 really punched off it hard, and when he said, "icy, you’re pulling rates of two degrees per second on the? spacecraft." Thon L cuuTi read the...... I know L was, when, you know, when you’re sitting out on the end ol the nose, and you kick down on It, it's going Lo move. Belt 14 ......do you have any figures. on whut the....used to stabilize the spacecraft X used, uh, translation of bigger percentage than mine was..... , . ’Cause you’re only translating your.......... .....need some pictures, sir. Do what? ...••Did you Just fix yourself in one position.... ? Yeah, that’s kindu hard (for me) to say, a way to describe; but I used proportionally of the fuel that 1 used, probably, three quar- tors or It, translating in about a forth of it Just in the pitch and yaw maneuvers that were made, and I didn’t try to take out roll*.... and I didn't really (put in) very much roll; one time I called--! called out roll on my tape a couple of times, but pitch.... Could you....did you understant though that when he did these pitch and yaw maneuvers he wasn’t trying to translate, he was actually just demonstrating that this could be done? Yeah, all 1 did was pitch a little bit or yaw a little bit, yaw, do a little of this type of maneuver;: with it, and to see if I could shop it and put in in so that I didn't put all the motions in too. Co it wasn't truly, I see what Jim's driving at...that you don’t want ho say that to translate from point- A to B is throe quarters in translation, and a quartier in attitude. That's what you were petting, right-? Yeah. oh my fuel that, I curry in bite gun I probably use three quarters in translation and a quartor in attitude, but you don’t need very much Belt J.U 4 in at,Lituac. One Lime £ got pitched over backwards and I did use the gun to Lake that out, because I just didn’t want to use the oxy­ gen. One more quick question: .... some of the (numbers? members?) say that you were moving the structure about in a one-side configuration..... It’s pretty big, but it very well has to be within your work area— you know, in your suit, you’re rattier restricted on where you reach, you don’t reach underneath and behind you especially, but out in trout.; if a guy would’ve handed me something that’s big, I could’ve held it. Ten, twenty feet.... What? Ton feet? Ten, right, ten........................ Ten by ten sections....... Wait, now wait a minute, we’re talking about smaller things right now. Ten by ten what? ....... Moving where? Do what with it? 1 couldn’t move it an inch, because I wouldn’t, have anything to... how would J move It? I’d go the other way if 1 moved it this way. ................. .Prop11 Inion.....equal? qu, 1 don’t, think this is us, it’s not. what we were demonstrating with tI.... I'm just saying, look nt Lhai.... Yeah. 1 see whul. you’re interested in. One thing you gotta he fun rul of,.. You got a center of gravity that big thing you’re talking about, B-lt 11* and J ion1 I Know what Imp|x• wd — un i • *;us I knew where LhuL was J could re ally ve r y wo 11 go t pre I by dose. I knew where mine was. These things, these things are weightless up there but they’re not baskets that fly away, once you get these things going, you gotta stop them again, if you started pushing, if you had a.,.some means of proportion, you’ve got something Uke the slides of this table going, and if it hit that wall down there, it'd go right through 11. This is the general question I'm leaning at: Is it, well, I’m try­ ing to get it.., with the distinction that you can use it ...^auto­ matic tape stabilization...... You’d have the same problem with automatic stabilization that you would.... Sure. Hut with automatic stabilization you might, it would set down in fine (resistance to) the motion where with this thing you wouldn't... with a gun you, probably, would you know, how to find, you’ve gotta r i nd You mean, y°n have to find your automatic stub!lization as soon as you’ve* held on to a ten by ten box, it would stabilize you and it too? Well, If you could still hold on, and so forth, It would start firing the stabilizer. Oh, and within .limits of Lis control..... Yeah, 1 think you would find out that IL wasn't designed to do that, bee, if you hud a system that would strap to you,... JL mighL not fn very much, though. fv-li, lh 6 dust. a second. Bob, You hud a system that was strapped to you that had automatic stabilization and translation of a person, well, than you've got the whole of a box or something that you were hold­ ing when you were down in one corner of it* ITm sure that you would1nt have engouth stabilization control authority to handle the translation of something like that, because you're putting your engine... Well, it depends on his mass. Again you said it’s mass. If it were magnesium bonds or something, then........ ...... I think we're asking..... Yeah, well £ know what we're talking uboat--we’re talking about building a space station. I'm as anxious to do that as the next guy, but this isn’t quite what we looked into. I appreciate your question; we certainly have to fact up to it........ On-stabilization, uh, suppose you were trying to take off (both pic­ tures) on Gemini, compared to Mercury.... Would it take you what? Suppose you try to take one photo picture of the star, say three stars, uh, what do you think your sensitivity in terms of angular accuracy would be for, say, ten seconds or three seconds focus, angular-wise, but (who) took pictures of the horizon and.....changes four degrees per second. Oh, does that ...... to the dyed I'dLoon? W minutes. We took a lot of ocean movies.... Was there ever any question in your mind as to whether or not you were looking at clouds, did you always get.... । laylight. I jay Iigh t and nI gh L1ime. Daylight, there is never any doubt. AL night time it is kind of hard to see the ground. One question from the picture.*;, it did not appear to be too ground, but were you able to be conscious of haze or dust layers, say over your deserts, or even over polll ution areas of cities and so forth. Were you conscious of seeing the industrial pollution or the dust? Belt 14 10 Over Morth Africa a couple of times we commented on dust storms, although they weren’t really dust storms? We weren’t sure that was a dust storm, right. Remember I said that is a ..,..._., and then we said well maybe not. It wasn’t a dust storm as you would see it from an airplane where you see the wind blowing on or prior to the desert. We decided Lt wasn’t a dust storm, just a dusty haze. Over Morth Africa. Over Morth Africa. Over north India there was quite a pronounced haze redorded. 1 would way you were, far less conscious of it. In fact, a rather interesting thing, it’s - on one of our first passes over the Cape 1 was looking on talking to the Cape at that time, I told them 1 could look down and see the Cape, launch pads, and everything was quite clear. But in fact, the weather down there was not clear at all, Some of the fellows were leaving at that time to go back to Houston, knd the visibility was very, very low. You could see a mile or sonic thing and it. was all quite.... We could see straight down but. we couldn’t seo the hangover at all. Another question, did you ever - (Jordon Cooper noted that there was static on his radio the same time when he saw lightening dis- churge on the ground. Had you - did you get any static that you might have correlated with being near disturbed weather on the ground? This is sort of a chance observation if you made it. Ho, I don’t think 1 did. No? I didn’t either. We was a lot of lightening. We - wc hut J nt j. , . Belt T> This was a sort of a chance* observation. No, I wouldn’t say that I did........ . - . * I guess you would call it but you couldn’t ... it didn’t at any rate. Did you notice the . . . .with the flash if lightning .... There was an awful lot of lightning . . . Sure was, South America and . . . Any more coverage on the water photography? Yes ... on atmospheric phenomena . . . Did you feel as though you would have lime to study them instrumentally? I mean from the time that they come into view until they pass out of view? Did you go through the exercise with the instrument — let’s say a hand-held spectrometer or . Did I phrase the question? I think 30 but I’m not sure of the duration that your studies require. That’s my problem — I was trying to get some feel as to the duration that you had some tiling in sight. Does this . . . reduce the phenomena . . . whom you’d fly along in regard to what tiro weather was and you’d say 0. K., at 5 minutes after eleven I’m gonna do a spectrometer study and then you’d set the thing up and a., j minutes after 11, you would start it or is it something where you would say — When I puss over this fungus . . . that’s been reported to De ^ miles north of Tri pi old — I’m going to study .... which of these things are.................. Belt 15 2 You st c tin ’ bi g p n;blow i s f i nd! ng thcse thing 3. In looking for objects on the ground and things like that you Just don't bind them >00 miles in front of you. How about something in the sense of a target of opportunity? You see it without advanced warning, I would think you’d have on the order of a minute or 80 seconds maybe to study it if you have your (equipment) already mileaged if you wanted to look at it you've got to aim the spire craft as it, say. Aiming the spacecraft at it is not difficult, If you've got a field to do if, you can track right on a point, IT you say a thunderstorm, say, off to your left, you could maneuver the spacecraft around there and Just keep pointing at it as It went by. About how many miles would 60 secons - 80 seconds —.,,.. Well of course 25° down............ ^5° down — That's about 80 seconds. That's 80 seconds, roughly. That’s right. For the (normal) altitude Ho, you can figure? that out in miles, but— I ’vo got a whole' sot of data if you want it for various altitudes on Just Lhi s type or (an swer). You've provided enough— And I think you ran probably see it from the 50° down below the horizon V/ down — you might be able to start, seeing those things i think you can get a re.ul good reeling Cor it if you'd take a look at some of the trucking fi lm on which we looked for an object on the ground. Belt 15 round, the object, and then tracked it all the way. And as soon as they {'ct that film and put the pieces in to make it - it’s a sequence camera — it's not a real movie camera — as soon as they put the pieces in and in­ sert the extra frames so it is in such a movie camera, I think you can get a real idea of exactly how long you can see. So if you know how much re~ qid Foment you have us Pur as using your instrumentation is concerned, you mn Lell exactly whether you cun er what kind of measurements you can make. Then you can also theoretically figure it out, Loo. The big problem is to identify the object ... If you’re looking for a specific object, a certain thunderstorm or the northeast corner of the Red Sea or something, that means that you don't — you’re not going to be able to pick it up and aim the spacecraft at it 50 below the horizon. You. re going to have to wait awhile. You're probably not going to get it picked out 'til later, so that your time on the target is going to be less. Of course, you know the range is changing very rapidly. That thing is below you — say it's right below your track. Klien you first see out of that ^5° it’s going to be roughly POO miles away and if you pass over rL’ll be POO miles sway. Do that the range Jr essentially doubling. If you’re intereste d in something that- requires anything like a constant range, I don't know exactly how you’d do that. This is a problem that you— Dr. ........... Let me try to rephrase that question........ although I think it was answered in the seeing those movies yesterday .... you were tracking, I think my answer to it was a yes, but let mo rephrase the question about (15 Belt IT ^ these targets of opportunity. Let’s take the airglow for a moment here. There’s the night airglow, the twilight glow, and the day glow. Now there are no............of day glow. That would take (perhaps a) second exposure, and you know where to look the next time around, and (you can do that forever. ) The twilight airglow might take 10 seconds to get..................... And the night airglow you would want maybe h minutes. Now how do you feel about if that wore prognunmed in with proper spectographs? Either hand­ held or on the capsule. How do you feel about it? Taking a one-second exposure of the dayglow, a 10-second exposure of the twilight glow, and a ^minute exposure of the nightglow. You’re moving all the time, but the phenomena arc pretty much the same during that period. One second’s no problem for us. Four minutes, you might have to be a little blurry. I think you could probably, if you tried enough, you could probably get a 10-second ...... Four minutes— Woll oC course Cho spertograph cun ........ the time to permit a fair amount of motion, too. You’d got seine Chi ng on the— Ih'hirru might have been able to take twilight., day, and night airglow. If Che spectogruph coojd stay In orbit., the person would have to go back in. ho shortly after that, the experiment was tried in a rocket and the rocket slab i I izuljori was a problem, too. With timing after four minutes, the exposure one did get the spur Lograph because the thing was able to point In til ls direction even though it d id wobble a little bit. [ wouldn’t think you’d want to hand-hold a h-minute one, I’ll tell you Belt 15 bl lat— No, no. You’d have to be space craft-modern. You could get the rates down low and you could— 0. K.- You could certainly hold it within a half a degree. But now your half-degree— You’d have hall’*-degree tones within the spacecraft ... (I think that would do it). That’s all right- You ran build in a certain amount of smear (so you can got a very good day). Wait a second — Let me ask you another thing. What is the airglow that you’re looking at now. How will you look at this? Where abouts is it going to be? Well, it will be at the horizon, or a degree or two above it. I know, but you sec, you’re looking at — the horizon behind you is gone donw — by very fust- The airglow is essentially — if you’re looking at a different piece of the uirglow — not the horizon at a certain spot- Now arc you going to look behind you and look at continually changing airglow or look in front- of you ?md see a continually changing airglow or are you going to try and look out at night in viewpoint and try to pick up a piece of ai rglow and track ...... ThuL1;: a very good question. £ would say one would bo very satisfied to ]jjiy Lhe 1 nt.egr ‘ ib*^ 1 asp■ rb it’s mov 11u'- One should also bry the other experiment. Ha Ha Ha. I didn’t mean that I didn’t think of your experiment. Dr. I didn’t mean to complain. Part of the game. ........ airg.low over lighted anus, J think that that would be more easily done than trying to track a certain spot in the airglow because that means that if your flight path is this way, you’ve got to aim the spacecraft over here and then you’ve got to track it along like this. It would seem to me that it’s easier to just put it some place and hold it there. MM- hmm. And especially from the pilot’s standpoint when you’ve got a gunsite or something like it............. maintain that spacecraft essentially wings level with . . . and if the pitch attitude’s proper, you don’t have to worry about the translation across the .......... This is a question on both 3 and 6. In terms of pre-warned subjects, like the................ those storms, and this sort of thing. A lot of pre-warned subjects. Io your eye, how far below the horizon could you feel you could pick up say a weather phenomenon. Now you’re not looking through the atmosphere at something in the atmosphere. Do you feel you could see say 10° below the horizon? Can you come up with some estimate there. If you’re pointed head essentially try the plane towards it so it’s in your window. Wouldn’t tills depend upon what the phenomenon was— . . . covered a 1.000 miles on the side — lit’s make it more COO miles on the side — I’d bo able to see that at 1C^ below the horizon. IT it were* a line of thiu ide i\n terms, 1 think probably 20 or 50°. If you’re looking for some of the things that we were looking for at 30° Belt 15 7 below Ute horizon, I thought Mini; was a good place to J ooh for small Ob­ jects. When w« nay small objects, they have to have large identifying fea­ tures near them; maybe if we're going to start looking for something like the — . . *............ - - . . . (could bo a cloud) —the Bed feu J0° below the horizon, 1 think you could probably start picking it up. This is below the apparent horizon. This is below the local horizontal. Right. As to water and land you say it may be 20 to 50° • As for clouds, perhaps about the same, ox* maybe further up? A little further up. Further up. To tell the difference between a storm and Just a sheaf that's so far off that you can't tell if i's Just a sheaf of clouds or is it honestly a storm gathering. You seo as you get farther out there, 0° below the horizon . . . when you're Looking, like that you don't know the difference. One degree cither side covers 100*s of moles, so if you got right down below you one degree either side only covers a couple miles- do, if you get too close to the hori­ zon, you're really not confining any point out there.— o oThe point Is, if I sat up Cor say 50 or 20 below the horizon, would Chut be a good place to give a man a value on to set up? I think 20 would be (easier, yes.) I think 20* would be easier. 50°? More I.han that. Belt fou just mri’L d i ITorcni J ale In what you’re looking ah. Wall you sec we’re playing a game here he tween giving you enough time to get on it so you’re on it when you get there and at the same time not so far that it’s wasting time. Really to me you’re not wasting time at all when you tell me where to start even if you start me way out. To tell you the truth, I want to start looking as soon as I— 0. K. 1*11 tell you all this though, if you’re just going to give one time— Wo. That’s no good. Which time would you like, now? I was talking— If you’re going to give them multiple times, you know, start early and Just continue out, but if you’re just going to give one time, then I’d o say 50 . 50°. Or 20° maybe, but no closer to the horizon. From the earth’s horizon. That’s about ^5 half the horizontal, or some­ thing like that. It1 s about 5 - -................ F0. No. No sir, It sure Isn’t. Moro about a minute and a half. Then he goes. You’v’ goL to get a man on it early enough to have the same kind not to throw all your weight Tic] ds pick;] ng around and wait for it for a long time. ................. your real key, -though is the first time you look at it it’s pretty hard to find it. As soon as you’ve gone by it once, maybe missed it once, the next time you come through, you can give it up there at 10° if you want* You know exactly what you’re looking for and you know what’s coming before and you go right up to it and get a * - * Cause you’re saying about 30 to do that or ^3 down from the horizon for terrain and perhaps a little further up for weather........10° further up for weather on a flrst-on a chance basis target of opportunity. I Just wanted bo ask you that in your — part II of this — under the great and under the terrial — what is the ground altitude that you took U shots with the pitch down — I don’t know if both of you were up or not. You pitched down and you fired a thruster as a preliminary to the experi­ ment on the rediacal light to see how much the thruster flame would and could interfere with the target. I was Just wondering what you actually observed on the ............ Any brightness of the thruster and so forth and if it could have any effect on the target. T haven't round, a photograph yet. Well on something like, you'd better really got over there and look for them because they’re going to turn out balck and your Polaroid probably isn’t going to print them* ■ Yeah, that’s probably why we haven't seen them. They’re in the black-and-white roJ 1 T aren’t they? Yes. They were in the black-and-white roll, document out on the tape* Belt 15 10 The document ou t on the tape and 7 think that 4; probably the part where the tape . . . . X ‘believe it*s in the book there, Tim. Do you recall how they came out? You could see............light or . * Oh, no- No- it’s in the same ball park, but the diagonal light that we saw maybe once or twice* You looked, like you saw it once, and . - . . You did see it once. Well, we thought we did from what we hi been briefed up to ... . Did you draw a picture of it yesterday? Yeah. I could comment. We talked quite a bit about this after the GT-5 flight and 1 know Gus and John both had quite? a bit to say about it if you want to check the notes on it. You mean on the— On the bright thrusters, yeah. Wait a second. I think they may have been talking a lot about the re-entry control system. No. No. No. Do you know what caused you to sec it? Was it reflected off the space­ craft or was it an aura of glow somewhere around— A glow from behind. You’re just seeding that section or the glow that comes your way. Now — Is i t primary or secondary glow. Was it particles themselves . . . to the light, or you think reflections off the particles that were round? J don't think you could tell. It was so dim, you couldn't tell. Did you discuss yx?3tor< 1:ty p;irti<: 1cs oC space and................... Belt 16 I don’t think you could help - You discussed yesterday particles of space junk? Yes we did, do you have any particular question? 1 would like to have the information later though. We.. what was y oij r quest ion? T was just curious about the amount of junk you had about the space­ craft . From the spacecraft? Well, from the spacecraft and also the amount in the spacecraft? From the spacecraft. I am not talking about any strange particles that appeared.... And also, when you were outside the spacecraft, whether you could keep any geometry of any junk off the spacecraft? Particular the spacecraft angle of view. No, the spacecraft only. II didn’t sec any - - You didn’t sec any particles - - Hubei I iter or particles floating around. I saw the glove gloat ott. It was a definite. but J: was not small particles floating off tue spacecraft? Them were all kinds. Hut you have no geometrical picture of these when you were outside the spucccraft. I think they float in all directions. When yon dump the urine, you IriV’ '• snow storm out I.here. I I is roal ly beautiful. Snow flakes belt 16 2 all over. Millions of them. And it doesn’t make any difference whicr. way they are going but you can see them come off by the window and they look like they are going off spherically, from what you can see. Now maybe they are not going out the back, but I doubt that. Did you see them al any other time? Glenn mentioned that he had seen them, ice crystals, they weren’t associated with such situa­ tions as this - You see a crystal or two go by every once in u while. You know, 1 think that these are associated with systems in the spacerraft, The exhaust': Yes, we’ve got a water cooler and the water separator and the suit loop pumps in the water and the evaporator, and there are things go ing ove r b o ar d. I think that it might be pretty obvious that they’re from the space­ craft. They arc going away generally. 1 think a point that Jim made, and X think Irve made it clear, but maybe not, that they were actually going small end forward, actually, the first Lime we were going front end forward quite a bit, and it looked like the streamlines were going back, and you thought, well, that is the way it ought to gu, the re is a little bit of flow. But several Lituus w^ got aronnd to going small end forward and the stream­ line and the Li I.Me particles were going equally as well this way, Go, I kn<>w that this is a theory that some people had that there is enough particles even in a very reduced flow area to cause a stream­ line? hut apparently not, Gurdon Cooper sudd he thought, that he could use it as a yaw refer- r • ■ ku • if hr 3 rb I Lt u porb'M ’^ - Belt 16 5 The particles corning out the back. hat then we saw that he could absoJ utely could not use it as a yaw relerenee. They were going straight forward* Any way you were goings they were always flowing with you^ and it was there were two urine dump systems on the* spacecraft, one dumped out. the right side and one dumped out. the left side. The one on the right, side you could see out the right window and they would eventually come on the left side and you could see them out both win­ dows. Predominantly on the right side. When you dumped from the left si.de^ It was predominate on the left side. They always appeared to be spherical. You could look out and they were going straight - you know you would Look out and they were going straight up this way. ‘they were very brilliant. As a matter of fact, the prettiest sight of the- whole flight was - you’d do this right a sunset and you would have a perfectly black sky with all these - with the sun shining on all these particles. It was real pretty. What were your thoughts regarding participating in the coordinated ground-spaceeraft experiment where something has to be done on the ground concurrently with your - doing something else, from the spacecraft. You mean one more parL i c i.punt? 1 think you would be able to do something like that* You menu laying out patterns on tho ground lor visual. oh, ba Ts ay negating a hurricane or something such as that where Belt 16 U you would visually, you would, observe something down below you. We were essentially doing something like that Oh our flight - on our flight plan, and we didn’t follow it exactly. We were getting information from the ground on when to do certain things. We were ossentially doIng that. They toJd us when we were coming over Carla, a hurricane, and the humic ane name, give accounts of the e xtens ive cl cud are as, ft was unfortunate at that, time though; there were no characteristic clouds that characterized a tropical storm. There was just a big structure of cloud mass, we took some pictures of it. They don’t give you the circulation that you would like to see, but they cun tell you - this is what we did on the ground tracking too, they told us where to look to pick up certain targets. We did, we picked up the targets. Wo did the saline actually with getting Into the anomaly. We had requested position versus altitude. We had to change time and run ours down a little bit. As a matter of fact, we got orbit trucked up there which we couldn’t really do a great deal with our own selves because the orbit track had time chuck right along it and we could independently know at a lime when we were coming over an object of interest on the ground, Ed, did you experience any difficulty in operation of the........ eamemY IHw to erect the camera. i hcl i«‘Vc W'* might huve. .1 am not sure whether- we had one or two d i IT m-u J t o r with it. When we - I brought the chimera back in and gave it to Jim, he said it was set on about..... Nut when you handed it to me some time later. Some time later, bat we don’t know whether we got gimiried around in the spacecraft or whether it was my big fat handed glove I turned the wheel and actually turned it about - you have to turn it this way to find out what you turned it to and I am afraid - of course [ held it this way and I could have done that with the hand on the clock. So, this might be one source of error which would have been due to the operation of it. Another one though, that we had prior to tiic lime dial continuous taking pictures, the inside shutter doesn’t back - doesn’t open - so you drop the front shutter all you want and you get a black frame and we got quite a weries of black frames on the fiJm. But this may be a mechanical problem that we had, as far as operating the camera, the mounting of the camera on the gun itself, made it difficult to operate, the same thing, if you had a camera that was 5 foot wide and one and one-half foot long it would be harder to operate. i realize that. 1 noticed that in one- of your shots from the space­ craft you bud a white smear in the print. Now, is that one you experienced also during .your training period? The white smear, I belie ve is Lhc picture Jim took of the window, und if bud that smeur oh the window. do, this was in the print il.se 1 th You know the one I mu referring Lu. Yes, the one you Look right right front nose straight into Jim’s window. Is tills the one with the white symetrical streak all the way acrqs s the window. Belt 16 6 We arc not sure what they are at al I, There is a symmetrical one on each one of them. Well, it goes back across the film, about 90 degrees. Is it straight? straight, it's a pretty, the same width all the way across. It might be my helmet Lie-down strap. No, this was a different exposure on both sides. This is particular too, because the exposure goes all the way across the film. You.......... It is not within the frame itself. 3o there is a peculiarity there. With respect to the black frame, the people have looked at it and they don’t think this is a mechanical problem. It is an exposure problem most likely. We are investigating it further. 1 also, was talking to some people on the cameras on it and they roll that, IL was an image of some type with the brightness out there, oven if you arc shooting at about POO feet. Lt wouldn’t be black. There would be an Image there you could bring it out. Arc those things really black, or is there anything on it? W ell, I don'I know. W e Ju st held iI u p J ike we have done! too, Jim . this and looked down, I don1L think - and that is about all '['hut is the <>nly way I have and I couldn’t see anything* I haven’t run a good deLui led study yet. BuL us frigid as it is out. there, just, remember the, it was my visor*, I think i hud about. 8 percent, of light coming through which is uhopt a normal type or- light for me. IL is really bright out Lhero. I dou’i. S'-o how, even nt. a 1000; because with the recommended i-A.lt 16 7 Getting I think is about >00 that you would have some type of an underexposed something you can see....... I think so. Our measured success of that camera hasn’t been high. I’m afraid every time wo used it, it failed. Of course, we are getting a lot of these things, but when we go to trace them down, we can’t really tie them down. Well, I can tie down about ^ times for you. When the film in the altitude chamber in exactly that mode, the shutter doesn’t fall, That is, the mirror Ln the back doesn’t fall. it’s got a handle on that one and he discovered the reason for it. They hud tills camera buck at McDonnell right now. The one we had on the flight. The one we had on the flight and they are looking at it to see if there were any of those kind of event frames, that they found. Is that the one - - Wo, the problem that they found in the altitude chamber was a bent part. But they don’t know how it got bent, they don’t know what made it bend, but they are going to look at this camera to to see if there were any of those kinds or frames apparent. I think what is also interesting to me. I remember looking in the ri Im and it looks like the film I saw has a lol of sequence. It looks 1 ike they put two ml Is together. Yeah, I could figure out the sequence. J. could look at the roll of the original sequence and I think we could almost tell If we had a camera failure or we had an exposure failure. Because the exposure failure, you hud it, from then on //dt 16 8 .your picture;; would be black arid in ay be if you had a random failure of the mirror back there it might take a picture sometime, sometime not. The back plate - there were exposures on almost every frame. There weren't these, I guess a fairly large number of frames that were black. Were- the frames intermittently thuf. were black on these? Iio, no, that I recall, I looked - I didn't look at all of them - but I looked at a fairly good string of them and there were a couple of them, one or two points, one point where there is a small overlap in the frame, but that is about the only problem that we found on the black and white. Well, are there exceptions in the color that are black? In the color, yes. There are. I think this is - - I don’t know - - There is no indication that you got a random failure in the mirror then? Right, you see wo arc applying this on CT-5- 'Three experiments and we are kind of concerned about that. I think you should be really. bid you sec dust particles floating, out the cabin when you had the hutch open. If you did, what, floated out? Yes, we did see dust particles, there was dust floating from the inside i.o the outside, E think they are just going from a high pressure area i.i) a low pressure urea. -Just ch V ions i Rigid., my suit pedals had a lead rule of about 90 cc's.............. Belt 16 9 Anyway-, my suit leaked., they all do you know so that there is getting something on the inside, also, we had a lot of things in there that were probably outcast. Also, the insides were dirty. I don1I agree with that. There was a definite flow of particles from the inside to the outside. liow did you get the glove outside. I think that may have - - Wo, the glove wasn’t put out, it went out by itself. I can’t say for sure that anyone bit it, but there is something very interesting that unless you see it, it never dawned on me before, but we hud some periods of time where Kd was asleep and I didn’t have much to do, so I fooled urouhd with what things do in zero g and I almost had a perfect conservation of energy until you release an object and push it off Ln a certain direction, it continued to ricochet around the spacecraft until it catches onto a lever or It gets wedged in something, but it doesn’t seem like when you drop a ball on the ground it goes boom, boom, boom, boom, and finally stops, it- Is kind of like that, IL keeps going - - - If you take something and spin it, it will just stay there and spin. I took one of the fund bugs we hud which wore about this long and about that wi lt and v^ry thin and I would jusL spin it Like that and it would jusL stay there and spin. With no decrease in - essentially no doc rouse hi floLatiou ruLe, Another indication I observed, I had a piece of meLu I LhaL was screwed onto the instrumentation panel that hud a round disc with u Joop in it and then it had a chain link dewitL and then there was another chain link dewitt, and that Belt 16 10 chainlirik was screwed onto the instrument panel, so that there really was - the metal a link, then another fixed link, and there were, we had a fan in our suit loop, and you could feel that inlet valve underneath the instrument panel, and I really shouldn’t be very much air going through there because you only blowing just a small portion of the air from the cabin and mixing it with all the small air or oxygen in the suit itself, so you just sort recir­ culate a little bit of air from the cabin and mixing it with mostly air from the suit and it just so happened that I noticed the parti­ cles within the spacecraft tended to flow down and you could get a redefinite streamline fell through my leg and this metal was mounted, just above that, but up against the flat panel so that the..... bind of tape. Belt 17 1 and the Spacecraft tended to pull down to here the redefinite streamline down through my legs and this metal was mounted Just above that, but up against a flat panel so that the ballad of the panel is here and the metal is mounted up in here. And I watched that thing start into motion. Really, I’d Just touch it and it would start loffing. It would loff over like this and bounce up like this. And it went on for — one time I timed it for over 20 minutes and other times for as long as $0 minutes — and the only thing that ever stopped it from this continuous motion — this loffing back and forth — was a piece of gawkroll that we had glued on underneath it and every once in a while it had an edge on it like a nickel or a dime where it essentially came off like this and every once in a while I’m sure that that edge got stuck in the gawkroll, but it never, ever stopped unless it got stuck in the gawkroll. And the same kind of thing could have happened to the glove. It might have been put in motion in the spacecraft and then Just I wasn’t looking at it AND it could have been ricocheting around inside the spacecraft for a long time and it finally went off. The same thing applies to your strap................. . I think what you ought as far as a flowout of spacechart is concerned, there’s a tremendous example of it in the first part of the film, on-my helmet tied-on strap. It’s definitely taking exactly the path of the flow — comes up, goes out, and arches over, and if you recall, the glove came out and followed exactly that path. It came up and out, arched over, and went right out the right side of the spacecraft over the top of the ........ Belt I? 2 It continued, right on out. You can see there was a fair amount of sun in and out of the cockpit. Quite a bit. You could, see all the dust particles- You can count the streamline on the way out. Maybe we’ll have a touch on these last two experiments and then come back if there — Just to make we touch on all the.......... the radiation experiment inside the cabin. Is there any comment or question that.............that this was the little ball. Right. Ed Whitej why don’t you comment on that? Yeah, this is a fairly straightforward experiment in which I’m sure the people responsible that are familiar with it- It was a measuring device in which we measured the spacecraft radiations for 1-minute periods of time at 6 different spots of the spacecraft and this we did at prescribed times during the flight. A very straightforward experiment. That's all the background (up to) this morning. Are there any questions about it? The last one was the Hangdella Sexon experiment ............ We covered this in great, great detail yesterday, and I don’t .......... Did anybody brief on that experiment? I think it would he better if y’all asked questions on it because if we went through it, it would take about three hours. Docs anybody have any questions about it? No, I think we got a very good thorough field for it yesterday when we went through it in detail. That leaves the visual observations. Yes. And I know you went through that yesterday and I listened carnally. That’s right- We won’t have to — Belt 17 And I personally asked Glen, Cochran, Schirra, and Cooper if they say a meteor and they all said negative. And then you doth said you saw a meteor. No, a falling star. Ha Ha. I think there’s a difference between what we say and what we were expected to see as far as meteors are concerned. Are you talking about micro*,eteorites striking the— No, I’m talking about meteors in the atmosphere. 0. K. Below. 0. K. Below we saw them. Little ones. Ah, little ones. Yes. Now, one of the obvious situations is that you said you said a 7th magnitude star. So probably your visual sensitivity was better than another observation. The window was better or something. Is that it? Did you make a count of the number of the— Wait a minute. What are files you use success? Well, if you have poor visual sensitivity, then the number of meteors observable drops off very quickly with the sensitivity of the eyes. You see, 10th magnitude, you could see a lot more meteors in the atmosphere than you can if you .............2nd magnitude* And the question arises How many do I exceed............................. ............... 2nd order of meteor's. Yeah. They were 2nd order meteors and — Belt I? 4 They were quite bright. 0. K- You saw only bright ones. About how many did you see? About how often did you see any? Could you have made a count of them and said, "Let’s look at meteors for awhile"? Yes, we could have. Could you have sat down there and counted them all off as you say them and give them relative attention? You see, I hesitate to give you a number because I think that if we did, you’d tend to come to the wrong conclusion because we weren’t looking out of the windows at night all the time. No. Quite often we had things to do inside and we turned the lights up and never even looked out.......... . Oh, you weren’t dark enough, is that it? No, we already were looking out. We were attempting to look out and we couldn’t see out because we had the lights way up and, first, we were working at the window, and secondly, if we were we couldn’t have seen. So if we give you a number, make sure that you don’t say that, 0. K., we say 15 meteors in four days and therefore they’re going to see ..... and that's not right. No. 0. K. But because. — If you want a number, I saw probably between 10 and 20, but again I wasn’t looking out all the time. No, so you really weren’t looking for a meteor, right? No, we sure weren’t. And you have to remember, also they occur in a rather uninteresting place. Belt 17 5 They don't occur up in the heavens, they occur down below you. This is the area that you spend a great deal of time looking at in the night. You're looking up at the stars. We came to the conclusion that you looked at the ground in the daytime, you looked at the horizon starting at night, and if you were looking some­ where else, you really didn’t see much. You find out that sky, in the daytime you don't see anything— I was just curious whether it would be worthwhile to spend a little bit of time looking sort of at the ground close to the horizon and trying to count meteors in terms of finding out what — I'm sure we could. Getting a count on. oIt occurred quite low down . ...............You looked down at JO and there'd be meteors; at Uj° there Td be meteors. Obviously well below you. Did they look any different from shooting stars from a balloon? The thing that I noticed about them is that they were short and I think this is probably because you're looking at them from above and the angle — the length of them — of short, and you’re seeing them as they come down through the atmosphere from above and so you see a line that's lonly that long from above. Up there it's only that long, and then when you look at them from down below you see them come all the way down and they appear to me— They're probably microscopic. The random slope direction. Sometimes they’re real little tiny short ones and— And I think the short ones would, more be an indication that they were very dim ones, because the dimmer the meteor, the shorter the trail. Woll that seems reasonable. Belt 17 6 But what you’re looking at right here then if it was dark. To tell you the truths I think what’s more important is the angle that you’re looking at them at. Well anywayj we did see a lot of them* And they’re not difficult to see. And I don’t think we were looking at anything that approaches a 7th magni­ tude meteor. You see we could see- Well, I was Just curious whether this was the reason why the— ........ Much brighter than that. I didn’t see any real dim ones. As a matter of fact; since we weren’t looking for them, you know, we wouldn’t have seen them. You look up there and you say "I wonder what magnitude star I can see” and you look around and you say "0. K., I know that’s a 3rd magnitude and that’s a fifth and then I see that one over there is dimmer than the fifth and that one’s evan dimmer so that eventually you come to the conclusion that maybe you can see 7th magnitude ............ I saw those because I was looking for them and I could come to that conclusion, but I never looked out at them to see how dim a meteorite — I was only seeing the ones that I was attracted to while I was looking for something else. So that might be a nice thing to (ask) ......................on the next (flight). Well, if you looked out for them, you probably could see a lot dimmer ones. Dr. —— general question or something? Belt 17 7 Do you remember on your consumption of oxygen ................. You shouldn't ask. That's a hard one for me to answer. I know what the flow into the suit was and— Look, somebody might have given you the ........ I don’t believe that you could get that figure because you see it was an open roof system and— What's not used goes right on. In fact, not only that, it comes in at a fixed rate and it goes right over the sides. You can't get that when you're fueling. Did you come across any unusual problem outside the vehicle that you didn't K expect? No. Here’s one you may not want to comment on. Do you have any comments to make in regard to the capability of putting man aboard and hide inside the vehicle^ the satellite without actually ............ ? Doing what? Putting a man aboard ............... You mean go over and take a look.................. Sure. That’s one of the reasons we’re doing this. You think it’s perfect. Pull up along side of it and go over and take a look at it. (You don’t foresee any unusual problems^ do you?) No. ................ the tumbling (mold)? Excuse me? Even if it’s in the tumbling mold? You’re going to use some good Judgment about what you do as far as going Belt 17 8 -..........It’s the same kind, of problem we have associated, with the booster. We spend quite a bit of time ahead of time trying to determine exactly how much of the tumbling booster we could plan to go up and take a look at and we finally came to the conclusion that it was up to the pilot’s good judgment to approach the booster using his own judgment on it. There just wasn’t a way to put a handle on it — well it’s tumbling so many de­ grees and out of plane and you can go or you can’t go. I think if you see it, you’ll know whether you can or you can’t. Is the problems connected with the difficulties in closing the hatch unidentified? They’re working on those, I think- I’m not sure that they completely completed the case. I was asked to find out whether we have some lubricants in the very close cauldrons was contributed? I think that kind of information should come from the systems people who have done a lot of work on it. Yes, I think...................................... * . *............... Are there any other general questions? Yes, I have one, In your effort to photograph specific objects on the ground, what kind of siting devices — did you use optical siting? Did you try at any time to use the reflex viewing arrangement of the 55 mm? uh siting device? For siting? yes. We looked out through it but it was mounted in such a manner that you ^■^W Belt 17 9 couldn’t do any more than look out. You couldn’t aim at a particular point and correct for— No, because it amounted to looking over this way and then controlling the spacecraft back that way. In addition to that, you had up and down, which is worse. A reduced .... That’s the reason I asked the question. I wondered if you had used that particular thing and whether it was useful. You could see what you were looking at, yes, but, controlling a space­ craft, no. I think you could have made a little near — actually got around to that part of it........ you did the first time. But if you wanted to take a picture of s specific object, and one person was controlling the spacecraft and the other person was going to take the picture, he could take the pictures when he saw them in the viewer............. control the spacecraft too it would be a — One other point is how accurately do you think you can point a photo-system with the optical site? Certainly with + a half a degree. Plus or minus half a degree* Probably loss than that. Maybe on the order of a quarter. Do you have a picture of the site again? No, we don't. There’s a difference between the open bars on the site. Do you havt to go, Bill? No, I don’t. I can give you a better answer if you come and ask me in a day or two Belt 17 10 when 1 get a little — let me look at the site again. There’s ............ visual observations. Excuse me. Let me answer one more. Have you seen the tracking film? No. Look at that — you could probably........ putting a grid on a screen. I could show you what I was using as the targe. You could — ........ feel the view that you got — that you're looking at. Knowing the field you know, I’m sure you could calculate exactly what you can do. Exactly what you can do. That’s the second thing 1 want to ask Dr. White about — comments of field of view. You went outside the spacecraft and then you had a wider field of view. Yeah. How would you describe the difference in field of view in terms of your visual sensibility in looking at the lemo. Any problems about that? Oh, golly. It’s like looking out the bathroom window versus looking out the front windo, out a picture window, which is like going to a movie theatre where you have a Utile film there and then going to one of these wide-screen ones. You Finvo to turn your Fiend to see it all. Did you iind the space? plate quite adequate? Well, I said you have to turn your head to see it. Could like you sec then the whole horizon? Did you find any differences Belt I? 11 along the horizon? You can sec the curvature in this horizon when you're just looking out the window of the spacecraft. And then when you're looking out there you see— 0. K. then, you could compare one part of the horizon to another to look for variations. Yes. In daylight. Yes- You could sec a great deal of the horizon out the window ............ Did it look all the same — uniform — or did you find any variations? No, I didn't. It looked just the same — like three more pieces of dough . What about stars in the daytime? I didn't see any outside. And I didn't specifically try to chaff myself to do that. ................... . . scattered light ........................... It was very bright out there and I even looked in the shaded areas which weren't shaded deed shade but behind the door, places like that. Were Cooper and Schirra in the daytime? Saw a dayglow. Belt 18 1 a ...........deep shade, behind the door, places like that. Were Cooper and Schirru in the daytime? Sort of date-low................... Could you see that also? What did they describe as the basis? They..... the sky had a brightness to it.....above them. And when Cooper woke up, he was mostly in the daytime. He (noticed) out on the window he knew it was daytime right away. ..................... Ha Ha Ha. I could tell by up and down........... I tell ya, I wouldn’t be uh I would hesitate that there was actually phenomena like day glow because it might be uh....You could liik out the window and whether you’re at night or in the daytime. But it may (not) have anything to do with what’s out there. It might not have anything to do with the spacecraft. You’ve got two windows, anyhow. You can tell whether you’re....... There’s more to it than that. You know you’ve got a big long nose (0 Belt 18 1 sticking out on that spacecraft; and if the sun is shining on that nosej .you know darn well it’s based on it. Also the light on the nose is reflected back into the windows gives you a light. And there’s a lot of things outside that window that give light to your eyes. We Pound that there was a film on (the cone?) that gave light to your eyes. There are so many things around there that would give you a clue. You could indeed be placed out into a....if you tllk that same spacecraft and I knew there wasn’t anything outside, no dayglow, Just nothing but an absolutely black sky up there, shining light on the spacecraft, I would get the impression that I was in the daytime. I hesitate to lead you down the wrong path..♦.. Did you see stars in the daytime from inside the spacecraft? At sunset and sunrise that you couldn’t when you shaded both one’s sides. Here again it’s the same kind of problem. We had something on the windows; we had the bright nose of the spacecraft, the sun was shining on the spacecraft anyplace it eventually came into the windows......in the form of money. And I, once or twice when we were in free drift, I could sec something bright up in the sky. I couldn’t tell you whether it was a planet or whether it was a star or anything. But you’ve got a lot of light coming into the space­ craft on the day side from the sun....doesn’t have anything to do with what’s out there. It has to do with the fact that you’ve got a lot of nose sticking out, you’ve got a lot of window, there was something on the window, mid even if there wasn’t anything on the window, the 11 glit comes in the window from the sun and is reflected around inside the spacecraft. You’ve got sources of light Just all Belt 18 2 over the place. It follows, then, if you switch that, I mean the next time is terical and the next time was great.......... that if you could get out in the spacecraft at night,...... You’d see a lot more. You say it’s "great" because you saw 7th magnitude stars, but Ed and I both proved that we could see more stars flying in an airplane at U0,000 feet here on earth than we could up there. But then if you want to look at the diagolectric example, which is geometrically extended object—you ’ re looking through this little narrow angle restriction whereas if you’d gone outside you could see this elongated phenomenon with ease-*the same with looking at meteors.,,. You’re making some conclusions right now that we’re not—haven’.t made-­ nor making. Well I’m trying to get your impression as to whether*- And I’m not sure before when you were talking about the dayglow of what conclusion you drew from what I said. Are you trying to imply that there’s a difference between a night sky and a day sky which are obviously........or between the sky and the ground in the daytime? I’m trying to find out how well your seeing conditions were compared to the Mercury crew’s. Uh-huh. And the implication that I get is that the implication is the same condition in the daytime with terrical, probably because of the way the spacecraft is shaped and multiple scattered light. Belt 18 3 I think you’re drawing improper conclusions. 0. K. I don’t see why you say that the seeing conditions in the daytime were extremely poor. In terms of visual accuity, for looking, for example, at stars,-- Well, how about for turning down and looking at objects on the ground. Now that’s visual accuity, also. Yes. And I thought it was outstanding. Looking al bright objects, you see. Where you don’t have a high contrast required. You mean on the ground they’re bright, yes. Then there is a high contrast required on the ground. If you’re looking out at a star, you know, you’ve got a bright star against a black sky. That’s pretty high contrast. The same thing looking down at the ground. You’re looking at a white road going across a dark field. You can see those tilings. Yes, but the only problem here is that you’re looking through a haze or a scattered layer of light......scattering into the space­ craft or on the window, For instance, the case if there’s no scattered (frost) on the spacecraft. When that disappears at night you can sec directly through the window and your visual sensitivity goes up to a maximum of (photographication). Which obviously must have happened because of the way things were. Let me tell you what I think. I think there are so many things involved hi spacecraft geometry, the windows, the layer on the Belt 18 4 windows, the light coming through, that I couldn’t tell you whether there’s anything that if I looked up above I could see an image, or not- But I think that possibly, if we could find a long black tube and a window with no film on it and some way of closing off all the light inside the spacecraft, I feel that maybe I could look up and I could have seen the black sky (and the stars). Yeah, we didn't have that, so I wouldn't draw that conclusion from what I saw up there. All I cun say is that you couldn't see up and see the stars in the daylight because of all these other reasons. Now if you eliminate other reasons, I think probably you could. I wouldn't say for sure that that's right. The point that interests you when you're talking about accuity, is to look down on the ground and you can see very small objects in the daylight. So that with one is (resolution) and the other one is sensitivity to different light levels. And I'm talking about light levels from Gemini, in terms of having a niosy background. I want, you to be careful of the conclusion that you made. You've got three things l.hat you're obviously trying to make conclusions out of, and L want, t.o lie sure that, you didn't, make some of your own conclusion:; out of them. Out of tills Mercury, they have Mercury, and you're going to compare Mercury and Gemini observations and you took the inside-the-spacecraft observations and said at night it was great and in the daytime it was lousy. Well, in the daytime 1 didn't feel it was lousy. I don't, know what standard you're com­ paring it against. You're comparing it against Mercury. I think you'd t>e very careful in drawing that conclusion. And then there's another area that, you want to make conclusions on Belt 18 5 and that’s vision outside the spacecraft, and I (can) make a comparison between those two and I have already; but you can see clearer from outside the spacecraft. And X was quite surprised at this because I had three visors on: one of them was a left-hand visor which isn’t high on optical properties arid one of them which is a sun visor which is probably pretty goal optically with a gold coating on it and then a Plexiglass which is very high in optical qualities. And 1 felt as far as vision was concerned, J could see better out­ side the spacecraft and ITd love to be able to make some further visual testing out and I think we probably well do this--take the visors up, this type of work, later on. So you’re comparing three different things and I think we can definitely tell you some con­ clusions between inside and outside as far as Gemini is concerned. I’d be very careful against saying that the vision out of Mercury was worse or better with respect to what we could see out of Gemini in the day. At night we were able to see and compare? high magnitudes down to what we felt was 7th order magnitude stars. (The only thing that)bothers me Just a little bit is you saying because Gordo said he could — he woke up in the daylight — pointed at the sky, he could tell whether it was day or night, and therefore it was an airglow. Now I could wake up and tell whether it was day or night, too, but it wasn’t because there was any airglow. It was because I had sun in the spacecraft. And I think...... Gordo also saw........................ .....in the daylight. So that’s the second indication. Eelt 18 6 Yeah, this is a unique situation. He happened, to be in a situation where the earth was beneath and the sun was behind him and there was no light­ ning scattered into his window or anything or at least apparently there wasn't anything. He didn’t feel there was any and that he had a good opportunity. There's only one datum .... (?) Two were there when they have poor days. Shade on the windows. You know the stars are there; there's no question that they’re up there and if we make the conditions right we can see them. Couple times I did sec stars or planets or something in the daylight, I couldn't toil you what they were, what magnitude they were at all. All I could tell you is that as we drifted around some random positions I could see some sorts of light coming through the window. I think the point that we tried to make also is we have been working on Apollo and we know that stars and measurement of stars in the daytime and the lighting conditions are very important. And on a routine operation in this matter, the stars weren't there. This is the observation that I felt I made and I think we've both been working in (guidance), I think this is what Jim was driving at also. I was looking for them in the day­ time because I wanted to see them out there in the daytime; I didn't want to see them tn a cloud (Apollo?). But they weren't there to the extent that X would like to have seen. As a matter of fact, that was one of the real surprises we had. They just aren't out there. At least they weren't out there in the configuration we.... You see a passing star of a 1st or 2nd magnitude out there, that's not going to do you a bit of good as far us anything but saying "0, look, I Belt 18 7 see one" because you don’t have any idea what it is certainly can’t get into measurement* Results of this............. Maybe we can give Dr* (Ritch) a chance. Did he have any questions? I was curious as to what the difference is between sunset and sunrise. Well, particularly with respect to the shape of the sun and how much does it spread out in lattitude. Is it different for night and day? We sort of concluded that the sunrise was prettier than the— no the sunset was prettier than the sunrise. The sunrise seems to be to my way of think­ ing was more white and blue. But the sunset was many colors. A lot of red. It is red and blue. They were much prettier. I don’t know why because we’ve got some movies with us. Actually we do have some movies that we tried to vary on some of them the aperture and I think we’ve got, at least at certain times during the film­ ing, we’ve got a fairly true representation of what’s up there.The colors in the pictures really do look right and, in fact, I was pretty happy with them. There are certain parts in there that give you pretty close to the impression that we got, and I think these will also show you that the sunset is a little more spectacular than the sunrise. Now there is one thing that certainly is different in the sunrise. When the sun comes, it really comes up with such a much higher rate and it just booms right up and bang it’s light and a big ball of fire from the sun comes up. Now when it goes down, though, it’s the reverse, and it kind of dies out slowly and you can maybe sit there and enjoy and absorb the colors a little more. Maybe that’s the reason-... that the sunset is a little prettier. Belt 18 8 Is the sunset more billiant than the sunrise? Yes. Contrast-wise? Right. How about the elongation? Wait a second. When you say it's really . ....... That was brightness. Sunrise is more brilliant. Sunrise is more brilliant. Up it comes. See it's dark and then the next thing it's light. It's really light. Sunset seems to take longer and the gradation- And more color. More colorful. What about the elongation and latitude? Is there a difference in sunset and Does the sun squash down elliptical? No. It doesn't move. It goes so . .. You know ... It takes about U seconds to reverse the whole thing there and it's so bright, you don't notice it squashing ........... Did you? No, I didn't. No, I've seen a lot of peculiar sunsets and moonsets; the sun and moon have ears on them and things like that- It's all due to the thick amount of atmosphere that you're going in. It all goes pretty quickly and I didn't notice that the sun came up in any different shape was set, but it may have. You know, one thing on the films when you see them, the bottom part looks like the reflection or something, either in the lens or - I don't think Belt 18 9 it's in the processing - must be in the lens under the film. The - down at the bottom part kind of duplicates and lets magnitude look on top and that’s really not fair. It doesn't reflect down and what you see is only on top. Did you see any difference between moonsets and moonrises? No, I didn't. Did you see any (classing) ......... of the moon? The elongation that you see? No. I didn't. I didn't notice any. I thought the interesting thing, too, about the moon is that clarity - that you see it's quite clear when you look at it here, but also it just looked like a little silver globule going down. It just goes right down- You have no scanning or anything associated with it. And no...... , either. That's right, it goes right down. And also, your viewing of the stars beyond my comment on this earlier doing this. It doesn't obscure your viewing - the moon being up there doesn't particularly bother you as far as the (stars?) ...... Then you could always tell where the horizon was because of the stars which you know appeared. And then the airglow. Could you also tell from the stars? ..... sort of a supplemental picture of the horizon from the stars? Belt 19 1 . . .the air glow. Can y'all tell if it's dark? Some little (Supplemental? Sublimal?) picture of the horizon? Well if you watched a certain star, you could tell when it went below the horizon. You Just can't look out there and say, "0. K., that's the horizon." It depends on the stars. Now, you can look out there and say, "0. K., now, that's the horizon; not because of the stars." Because of the lack of the stars arid also the air glow. And also thunderstorms on the horizon ........ (of the Lark?) proves that you can get it (pictures?). But you never can say that- and I never would ever say that I could take a pencil and draw a very find line and say that's the horizon at night. As a matter of fact, in the daytime, either. Did you get the point that Edward made about the moon, though, that when you look at it from even far and high, you can see all these stars. You see the moon; but you don't see just the light of the moon. You see a lot of glow around it. ...And from on earth. But up in orbit I didn't see any glow around it. I saw the light--I saw the moon. Right next io it was dark. There’s nothing around it. It’s sharp. Even when you see a sharp rim hero on earth--You see, if the moon were here and was I.hat. big around ] 'd tend to see glow around here. Even when the moon is in (venus?) You do at, times. That depends on the humidity on a clear night. Normally when the moon’s out on a clear night, you have a lot of haze and stuff around it. (that's not there?..air?) which you'd expect when you're out of the atmosphere. You know, we received a picture in the mail which IT you Just, having been on a space flight, I think Belt 19 ^ it means a little more to me.,..now that 1 think about it. Expect al ly as you Look at it now and the ar tist has taken these things and he’s put them in very clearly on a stark black background--and you know and you say, "Gee, isn’t that artificial looking?1' But that’s not artificial looking. That’s the way it really does look. The moon’s up there on a stark black background (and the other artists should [paint] like that.) I’d like to ask Colonel White what color was his (watch) (blush) Just silvery white......... .......I suppose. ......... "Dr. (Acre)"-- I take it you would not have any trouble finding the sun if you were to try orienting at some angle with respect to this..... You wouldn’t have to do too much searching if you wanted to line up with the sun in order to.... Wo, No. You can generally tell where it is by the brightness. The same holds true with an (open landing). You can find it on the way in. It’s easier if you’ve got an attitude reference with inertial references working and you just go up there and swoop across the sky and you cun find it. But if you’ve got to get up... You’ve got to go find it without any references (out in the space­ craft), I guess if you get on the horizon and get all set and then start a pitch rate or some tiling you can go find it. But when you’re drifting freely, and you don’t- know which way is down, you simply end up looking up at the sky and you don’t know how to get to the local HorizontaJ--iL might tn right there and your plane here and you’re Belt 19 not sure urif.il you start looking lor it like this and you can search around for a long time. You can search a long time.,. And never get back down to the horizon, but if you establish (a per rate) well you can get there. The big thing is how much fuel you’ve got to expend. You get right, on the horizon and pick up..... Milky Way well it can help you...well you can get. there. The big thing is how much fuel you’ve got to expend. You get right on the horizon and pick up,... Milky Way, well it can help you. Dr. (Ayer), 1 think we’re getting close to time to go home here In regard to your (meter) program (in your notes that you made in the auditorium) could you make any recommendations as to the new make-up of that meter program? I think Ed and I have a common recommendation that we don’t fly many more flights in GMT and elapse time at the same time. We’ve got a one real problem to kinda sort all this stuff out, and I think we ought to fly those things in alloted times...I think that’s the one single recommendation we’d make that stands head and shoulders above all other ones. Trying to correlate the time is very tough. Beyond that, would you say that you could make recommendations as to make-up of the...books? T thought the books were outstanding and I think that make-up modifies this suit to certain white as the way we ought to go at them. i think they’re outstanding, too, and, of course, Ed and I designed 4 Belt 19 Lhcni, so we're prejudiced. Hu Ha Ha. No, ar; a matter of fact, we have a flight planner over in the spacecraft center. You roll three times during flight--You roll (when you come down to) liftup from the launch bases which you have never looked at and about 20 hours later we rolled around for 20 hours--I never even got it to 20 (here) Just part of re-entry we rolled it around some more and then gave up 70 hours. (We milked some stuff on it). Storm books are real good. Excuse me, let me see these books. We have a book like this. To do any real time flight planning, you have to have access to the--every- thing--all at once, and you don’t want to have to get every some­ thing on a roller when you've got to roll through it like this. If you want to know what's going to happen in 99 hours, you just open the book up and turn over to 99 hours. Then if you want to compare that with say Uo hours--you want to have a comparison there, you can't fo this on a roller film. Unless you've got some quick access, a way of getting that our like you had your own sort of a meteor microfilm. bid you take notes on your book, sir? Yes, we did. i think one thing that we did decide on is that the time-scale;; that we have in our flight plan here are--neither one of them arc exactly right. The early part of the mission was highly expanded; the Latter part was washed down a little. I think we have six hours per page in the latter stage and we have an hour per page Belt 19 5 in the early stage. I think probably three hours per page or some­ thing like that would give us more room to write the notes. Has that book been reproduced? Yes, it has. There are copies for everyone. Let me ask you one here. Do you think you could hold half a degree in pitch on the night horizon with the radical? Sure. Just do it on the top of the air glow layer and you'd have no trouble at all. You wouldn't need a filter, or anything. No. You don't want to make the air go away or any dimmer. And the sight is (difficult) as it is and it's adequate to use at night. But then you could Lake pictures, otherwise. Take pictures at gunsight. What were you going to do when you held this? The sharp point is down, and fortunately, it was a camera now designed by Spacecraft. It's a flush-mounted camera for GT5 and diagonnally, push down the right window, so the camera is looking up Like this. So the spacecraft is on over at an angle like this. It's not a h-satellito camera is what I'm saying. So while the point is probably rood, I'd hate to see the thing get out that 0. K. we can pull out the dike. I like the way it's certainly designed. Actually, there's more to it than that. The experimenter will go with a 30” cut through the sadiacu! Light, so this has nothing to do with the experiment anymore. Only one time it did. And you also have other than just a fipper on the radical you could 3elt 19 6 hold..... ......7 points. I'd like to get your feeling on calcium balance coming up on the seven....what do you think how it will affect your post-flight. I don’t know how it’s going to affect your postflight, but I know it’s going to be a real problem. You’ve just got a lot of things to do. There are a lot of things that can’t be done until two weeks before the flight. Tf you get involved in the bit data-- gathering exercises before the flight, 1 think that it could indeed jeopardize the whole flight. This is my personal opinion. I sort of thought that some of the medical examinations that we had should be moved hack earlier* We had a big medical examination at F1TA and that’s one of those few days we got a lot of other things that should be taking place and I can’t see that my physical condition changed in the last week. Except maybe I got sleepier. But I just feel that when you put all these things into the last couple weeks, you really--the guys that are flying the flight--have got to get ready and there’s almost an infinite amount of work to do. You just can’t do it all, and it you take time for data-gathering exercises, I sort of feel that it. /jeopardizes the success of the whole flight. You think you con l.d--another question--Db you think if you had a camera Ln the right window with a swizzle stick arrangement for pitch, do you think could telescope sites could lock onto have control better pitch than you could with a rigid mounted camera Ln the right window. You’re talking about a control of the mounting for the camera. A control of the pitch; a control of the mount and the pitch. Belt 19 f Is this a ba 1 L-Jockel-socket type of Junkhead or something. It’s not a ball and shekel, but a pitch....for holding a pitch atti­ tude . Oh, for the air glow. For the air glow, yes. This would be Cor one minute photographing. For minutes Some of them may be up to 22 minutes. Wow. I’d hate to be a...... .. You mechanize it with a low-speed electronic drive and a rheostat­ type drive on it. Wo. Manually. A manual swivel. Let's do sound effects for the good old Yeah,....Elroy T. V.'s charging, you're not going to have more than 20 minutes exposure of night air. Ha Ha Ha We're safe there, aren’t we. Ha Ha Ha A swivel stick here in the right, coming out; you have authority taken on a different one. burry, did you talk to them about Ilie Northern Lights below the southern lights. I tried to. Oh, excellent, excel lent. I Just covered a few little things and I surely would like to hear your comments about the um I would Jove to. Venus. Yeadh, we were really Impressed with the planet Venus up there and we took somepictures of it and i 1. dul come out with about ^ the Belt 19 0 magnitude and brilliance that it really appears up there* It’s a beautiful sight. After the dark up there, it’s very brilliant and much more large as far as I was concerned and bright in magni­ tude than anything I’ve seen looking from the ground. (Mercury)proved very, very pretty. I bet you caught a photograph, too. Yeah, just........you know and you've just** Yeah, the colors on those things. The colors that we took on the ground weren’t too graphic. Did younever see— BLack. Was there anything else? Black actually looked beautiful and this is the way the sky looks.... The sky's black, but it’s a beautiful black background. But that doesn't come out on the picture. Was the radical any good in the day? (Hasistas) would be brighter than it is. About twice as bright. Twice as bright. You could see it on the ground. If you can’t see it on the cause, that’s the big, thing here. You could sec it on the land. You could scr it on the land and the water. It was fine. But when you cross the crosscloud, I think we ought to have two rings of brightness. You know right now it’s very bright and just the next beat tannicals look very dim and then you’ve got a gradation of dims. 9Belt 19 [ think the dim gradation is excellent. I think we need a little variation of brightness. Did you find any difference in the two windows? Did you see any ventigral difference in those two windows? We couldn’t change places. Ha Ha Ha See I looked in mine, ho looked in his, and there wasn’t any way in the world that we could-- You could1! get near enough to start a ration! No. No. You really can’t. Independent of your ration. You’re pretty safe to check your radi­ cal brightness against the bright cloud right on the earth. You know on a bright day J ike this. Shoot, they said it was checked against the snowbank. You can’t bank there. You’re in trouble. Unless there’s a.............. A couple of times I was looking for it. Those were dirty St. Louis snowbanks, (snowguns?) Ha Ha Ha 0. K., 1 think..... the more you want to say. If you’ll wrap it up. J think between this morning and Jim and Ed’s comments this afternoon we can extract everythin;1: we present...... I’d like to say something. The way it looks right now, you have 11 experiment:: and everyone of them is a total success. There is no indication that there’s anything, any anomaly and there’s no indi­ cation that there will be any anomaly. Just a quick look........ Certainly nothing operational, I mean it’s not operational........ There’s nothing at all. Now you’ve got a couple of equipment pro- b1emu, but you expected that- I’m fols. It was perfect as far as Belt 19 10 experiments go. There was nothing that could, have been done to improve it. This is the way the guider shows it; this is the way the mock-up...... Even the experiment you didn't have a very successful flight.. Ha Ha Ha. Well, we've got how many more....8 more to go, huh. Ha Ha. What............. Ho, flights. End of tape. p206 Notes from the De-Briefing transcript Meteors: Both licDivitt and White mentioned seeing a number of meteors bel « them: "We saw quite a few fall and bum up below our altitude. They were about one-half to one-third as high as v/e were when they were consumed, i e newer saw one above us.” (short and swift?) As the accompanying plots of numbers of meteors against the months of the/ * year shows the amount of meteor activity in early June is at a rather low *Fig. l(R oach’s plot of O livier data from Smithsonian Contrib. to Astrophys JI level, beginning to rise very shortly after that towards 8 peak in August. on the average from to altitude R egardless of their brightness/meteors appear la 40 and 60 miles/in the earth’s atmosphere. Bright meteors are seen to reach about 40 miles, whereas isrigktx large fireballs may still be seen as low as 20 miles or so. The average height th oughout the path is greater for fainter meteors and for thos of high velocities. Actually the bright objects are larger and hence travel further before they are consumed, often traveling for several hundred miles before they are consumed. Planets The pilots remarked that"the planets are so clear and bright,"and later that "all the sunsets had the planet in it." They have in fact recorded V enus in the orizon bands on one of their sunset pictures. At that date V enus Kkkx was still close to the sun being (angular distance?)Sup.conj.Apr.il) about 15deg. east of the sun (eve. star). O n the color print S-65-34771 the image of V enus can be distictly seen amid the horizon bands. 2. Zodiacal Lj?ht JkEO EKfcxKKHjDc Me Divitt and »hite were taking 16 mm. movies jqpaoatiMg before one"capsule dawn” when they noiced the zodiacal light and described it mk thus * "it was a shaft of light and a long time before the sun came up." O n the ground observers can note the cone /of light in the eastern sky or western sky after the sun has set and gone down about 18 deg. ( about and hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise.) Pilots at 40,000 feet can follow it for a longer span since they are way from disturbing city lights. Condition of the 4L dow: The Gemini optical window is quite superior to the Mercury window* N on®- the less the pilots note that"both their windows ere foggyj" and at one point durin-: EV A 'white rubbed his sleeve accidentally on JimSs window smudging it —probably partially remvong the silicon :11m. r— 1:30 I - 1:40 r 1:50 M EASURE REL ST AT IC CH ARG E T APE PLYBACK BLOOD PRESSURE (P) 3-1, 4-1 UPDAT ES EG RESS PREPARAT ION UN ST OW A N O AT T ACH UM BILICAL Y FIT T IN G S EM ER 02 FACK M AN EUVER UN IT CAM ERA C Y I K N 0 ALIG N PLAT FORM N ULL REL VEL - 2:10 ^ BLOOD PRESSURE (C) V G O/iW G O ’FOR EVA COM M CH ECK T A N C R 0 N I G H T DEPRESSURIZAT ION 2:40 M AIN T AIN PRIM ARY 02 — W IT H M AN UAL H EAT ER 2:6 0 CLOSE W IT H BOOST ER OPEN H AT CH AN D ----3:00 ST AN D UP PRESS (8 50 - 925 PSIA) T N H A W -----3:00 - 3:10 - - 3:20 — 3:30 —• - 3:40 — - 3:50 ----4:00 - 4:10 - 4;20 EG RESS S/C IN G RESS S/C CLOSE H AT CH REPRESSURIZE S/C ALIG N PLAT FORM SEPARAT ION AV ~5 FT /SEC COM PLET E IN G RESS CH ECK LIST D/T T APE PLYBK M EDICAL DAT A PASS T YPE 1 D/T T APE PLYBK M EDICAL DAT A PASS T YPE 2 — 4:30 N I G H T -----6 :00 IN IT IAT E T ERM IN AL REN D PH ASE 1* LiM EASURE AV REQ'D - 6 :10 T E X Y M T - 6 :20 — 6 :30 - 6 :40 - 6 :50 ----7:00 - 7:10 1— CLOSE W IT H BOOST ER PH OT OG RAPH S DURIN G APPROACH IN CREASE SEPARAT ION W IT H BOOST ER PRIOR T O DARK N ESS Y A N N N T P R E I— 7:30 G O/N O G O FOR AREA 18 -1 0 S Q .— 4:30 - 4:40 _ M AN EUVER UPDAT E - 4:50 -----5:00 _ 1A ALIG N PLAT FORM— 5 H U CLOSIN G AV —13 FT /SEC - 5:20 — 5:30 - 5:40 ALIG N PLAT FORM " 5:50 D/T T APE PLYBACK M ON IT OR BOOST ER ELEV ----6 :00 7;30 D/T T APE PLYBK 7:40 M ANEUVER UPDAT E 7:50 ■8 :00 ALIG N PLAT FORM - 8 :10 SEPARAT ION AV—5 FT /SEC - 8 :20 SEXT AN T BOOST ER/ST AR OBSERVAT ION “ 8 :30 FLASH ING LiG H T EVAL. - 8 :40 - 8 :50 ----9:00 0 N I G H T A Point of Application AV NOMINAL GT-4 TRANSLATIONAL MANEUVERS 1 Purnose HP/HA After Maneuvers Direction of Thrust Translational Thruster SECO +30 5 Posigrade Aft S/C-Booster Separation 5 86/153 Retrograde Aft Station-Keep on Booster Beginning of 3rd Rev (3:33) 5 88/154 Posigrade Fwd S/C - Separation 99 min. later (5:12) 4th Rev 12.5 82/153 Retrograde Aft Rendezvous Maneuver (Start intercept • * 76 min. later (6:28) 5th Rev 21 86/150 Posigrade Various Terminal Phase/Braking 106 min. later (8:14) 6th Rev 12 93/150 « Posigrade Aft Orbital Lifetime Adjust -<5 days 15th or 16th Rev* **Adjust lifetime - 4 days 30th Rev । 25-30 Various Adjust lifetime - 3 days 45th Rev J Adjust lifetime - 2 days 62nd Rev (or 66th Rev") +110 Aft Achieve OAMS Retrofire ^ Lifetime Adjustments will be minimum required :: For Pacific landing + If available -----0:00 । - 0:10 ■K - 0:20 W -' — 0:30 - 0:40 — 0:50 -----4:00 - 1:10 - 1:20 LAUN CH SEC0+30 S/C SEP-5 FT /SEC YAW 18 0° N ULL REL VEL~5 FT /SEC (340 FT SEP) IN SERT ION CH ECK LIST ALIG N PLAT FORM 2-1 UPDAT E CN T L M ODE CK COM M . CH ECK DUM P LAUN CH DAY URIN E BAG S SUIT IN T EG RIT Y CH ECK CH ECK ACC BIAS N ULL REL VEL W IT H BOOST ER RADIAT OR - FLOW G O/N O G O FOR 2-1 BLOOD PRESSURE (PILOT ) UN ST OW CAM ERAS CLOSE W IT H BOOST ER EST ABLISH FORM AT ION FLIG H T PROCEDURE FOR EVA PASS BASED ON BOOST ER AN G ULAR RAT ES B D A K N 0 C N V Y I C R 0 C T N T A N — 1:30 A stronauts Track Missile in Space In ‘Typical Day’ A board Gemini 5 and appeared to have mas­ tered the temperature-regu­ lating mechanism, which was giving them the chills and By Howard Simons Washington Post Staff Writer HO USTO N , Aug. 24—Astro­ nauts L. Gordon Cooper Jr. and Charles Conrad Jr. spotted, tracked and photo­ graphed a Minuteman inter­ continental ballistic missile launched from California to­ day as their Gemini 5 space­ craft orbited the earth. “I see it, I see it!** Conrad shouted as the missile streaked through space on its way to a watery target in the Pacific. For two minutes the astro­ nauts watched the Minuteman. Conrad took six pictures of it. At the same time, an in­ frared or heat-sensing device recorded the kind and amount of heat being emitted by the solid-fueled ICBM—a thousand of which constitute the bulk of America’s strategic nuclear punch. Conrad and Cooper con­ tinue to circle the earth in their fourth day. They have already been granted permis­ sion to continue their journey for another day and Gemini officials see no current prob­ lems that might foreshorten an eight-day mission. If all goes well, the astronauts will pass the four-day mark at roughly 10 a.m, (EDT) Wednesday. “Dull” and “Typical” Today was variously de­ scribed as “dull,” “typical,” and “busy.” Flight Surgeon Charles Berry characterized the day as “dull,” which he explained is “a good day” medically. The astronauts were “alert” causing them to shiver, par­ ticularly during sleep. Astronaut James McDivitt called it a “typical” day, dur­ ing which the astronauts were catching up with their experi­ ments. Some of these were successful; others were not. Cooper had repaired his faulty reticle, or gunsight, which helped the astronauts better to pinpoint targets in space and on the ground. Hence, they took a heat-sens­ ing measurement of the star Deneb, which they were un­ able to do the day before. The astronauts also have photo­ graphed the mysterious zodia­ cal light, which is thought to be a backscattering of light from dust orbiting the earth. Trouble in Spotting Attempts to see giant 2000x 2000-foot eye charts on the ground near Laredo, Tex., have been less successful. Al­ though they could see smoke from smoke pots set out to help them pinpoint the Laredo charts, they first missed the charts altogether and then saw two that they misidentified. More visible to the orbiting sightseers were contrails from three airplanes near Jackson­ ville, Fla., “and all the streets in it (Jacksonville), and the Cape (Kennedy) and all the way down to Miami.” But the experiment that caused the most excitement was the successful tracking by the astronauts of the Minute- man missile from V andenberg Air Force Base in California. The 65-foot Minuteman was launched at 12:37 a m. (EDT), * as part of a missile combat J crew training mission. Shortly € after the ICBM was off the : pad Conrad spotted it. The Minuteman was flying 1 a path 155 statute miles north x of Gemini 5’s path. The point । of closest approach to the - spacecraft was 201 miles. At - the time Conrad and Cooper ’ tracked the missile, they were * 125 miles above the earth’s sur- J face. ] Questions R aised 1 The fact that the heat-sens- ? ing measurements and the photographs of Minuteman ' and other targets are being conducted for the Defense De­ partment has raised some questions here. The problem, essentially, • seems to be this: N ational policy has cast the activities of the N ational Aero­ nautics and Space Administra­ tion in a peaceful light. Great care has been taken to divorce the military aspects of space from civilian program, notably space flight effort. The kind of information be­ ing gathered by Cooper and Conrad does have potential application for the military. The challenge, therefore, is whether the N ation should preclude all military scientific and engineering experiments from N ASA ’s activities. Chronology of astronauts’ fourth day in orbit. Page A10. Water Excess Forces Cut in Gemini’s Power THE WASHIN GTO N PO ST Thursday, Aug. 26. 1965 ^ ^ By & Washington Post Staff Writer HO USTO N , Aug. 25 — A new problem aboard the Gem* ini 5 spacecraft and a new American man-in-space record dominated today’s orbital ac­ tivities of astronauts L. Gor­ don Cooper Jr. and Charles Conrad Jr. Too much nondrinking wa­ ter is being produced by Gem­ ini’s fuel cell and threatens to flood the power-producing cell. To stem the flow of ex­ cess water, Gemini officials decided to reduce the amount of power used by the astro­ nauts for experiments. Flight Director Christopher Columbus Kraft does not re­ gard the problem as serious. The astronauts still will be able to orbit for eight days. They still will be able to per­ form their planned experi­ ments. What will be limited in the remaining days of the flight are extra experiments that might have been added to the space flight plan. N ew Space R ecord The new record established by Cooper and Conrad rough­ ly at noon (EDT) today, in Gemini 5*3 62d orbit, bested that for duration of an Ameri­ can space-flight. The old record was set early in June by astronauts James A. MeDivitt and Ed­ ward White who stayed aloft for 97 hours and 37 minutes. From the Control center here, McDivitt radioed the orbiting astronauts: “Let me be the first to con­ gratulate you on setting a new American record for manned spacecraft.” An even more impressive record will fall to the two Americans at about 9 a.m. Thursday. At that time Cooper and Conrad will have been in space longer than any other human. When the astranauts pass Cosmonaut V alery F. Bykovsky’s 1963 endurance record of 119 hours, it will also mark the first time that Amer­ ica has wrested a major manned space flight record from R ussia. There were these other highlights today: • Cooper and Conrad saw and recorded a second Min­ uteman intercontinental bah listic missile fired from Cali­ fornia. They also saw and re­ corded a rocket sled test at Hollomon Air Force Base in N ew Mexico. And, after sev­ eral previous and unsuccess­ ful attempts, they got a good look at the aircraft carrier Lake Champlain. “I can see her turning big­ ger than heck,” was the way Conrad put it. • The astronauts took some pictures of Cuba. “Just scenic shots,” said Cooper. They also photographed cloud patterns, thunderstorms and, on request of U.S. Weather Bureau scien­ tists, they tried to photograph the eye of tropical storm Do­ reen roughly 200 miles south of Hawaii. In spite of mild discomfort brought on by itching, con­ tinued cold and sleepless nights, Cooper and Conrad were said to be in “extremely good condition” by Kraft and chief flight surgeon Charles Berry. R elief for some of Conrad’s itching came when he asked for and received permission to cut the tight pneumatic cuffs around his thighs. The experi­ mental cuffs were designed to counter the effects of weight­ lessness on the cardiovascular system. But the power supply for the cuffs, which automati­ cally tighten and relax con- tinuously, ran out of gas. Just how much this reduces the value of the experiment is not yet known. Discussing another medical matter, Dr. Berry said there was absolutely no concern over the fact that apparently only one astranaut has had a bowel movement over the last four days of flight. Indeed, accord­ ing to Dr. Berry, the astronauts could maintain their present regimen for eight days with­ out ill effect. Fuel Cell Problem As for the fuel cell water problem, what is involved is this: Fuel cells convert oxygen and hydrogen gases into elec­ tricity, heat and water. The more power the fuel cell is asked to produce, the more of these byproducts it pro­ duces. Similarly, lesser demands for electricity mean lesser amounts of water and heat, too. This is why the Gemini officials have taken a “con­ servative” approach and or­ dered the astronauts to use less power. Because the fuel cell water is poor in color and taste and high in acid, it is being used to press upon a plastic bladder containing the astro­ naut’s normal drinking water supply. But the fuel cell is producing more water than desired and officials fear if the situation continues, a back-pressure could result and flood out the fuel cell. Anticipating a similar prob- astronauts are expected to| land in the Atlantic O cean | off Bermuda at 10:27 a.m.' Sunday. Roimd-by-Round Story Of Gemini 5 Flight HOUSTON, Aug. 25 (UPI) Here is a chronological ac­ count of the activities of the Gemini 5 Astronauts: 56th, 57th O rbits N o voice contact was estab­ lished with the spacecraft dur­ ing its 56th orbit, which began at 1:30 a.m., and during the 57th the ship’s track took it out of range of most of the tracking stations. 58th O rbits With both astronauts awake, Gemini Control at Houston re­ layed a long list of experi­ ments for them to perform. Cooper reported that the tight schedule was still hampering performance of experiments. 59th O rbit— 6:19 a.m . “We would like to request that we keep everything to a minimum in the evenings,” Cooper told fellow astronaut Elliot M. See Jr. “We, for some reason, are having trou­ ble sleeping.” He said noise from the experiments posed a problem. 60th Q rbit— 7:54 a.m [the skin sensors in his suit [were more irritating than the [beard. “Pete’s (pressure) cuffs lare itching him a lot,” he noted. 61st O rbit— 9:29 a.m . Cooper and Conrad watched the firing of a rocket sled at Holloman Air Force Base, N .M. “There it goes, we see it!” cried Conrad. “We could see it very well, we were right on the money with the track­ ing” Cooper reported. The astronauts used infrared de­ tection devices to measure ra­ diation from the rocket’s en­ gine. 62(1 O rbit— 11:03 a.m . At the beginning of the or­ bit, Cooper and Conrad spotted the aircraft carrier Lake Champlain steaming in circles in the Atlantic near Bermuda. At the end of the orbit, they watched a second Minuteman missile launch from V andenberg Air Force Base, Calif. They were unable to track the rocket on their infrared radiation detection equipment. Conrad reported he slept six hours last night “in bits,” 63d O rbit— 12:38 p.m . Cooper made the flight sur­ geon’s heart flip by remarking Conrad was told to get some sleep. 65th O rbit— 3:50 p.m . Cooper photographed Trop- ical Storm Doreen in the Pa­ cific as an experiment for the Weather Bureau, The 66th orbit, which began at 5:26 p.m., the 67th, which started at 7:02. and the 68th, beginning at 8:36, apparently were relatively quiet. Havanan * uo R ESTAUR ANT * " Celebrnlir' Tear- * 727 1 Uh * । nonchalantly, “We feel much Gemini Control relayed con gratulations to Cooper from his wife Trudy on passing the total space flight record of 119 hours 6 minutes, counting hislem on longer flights, Gemini X uer orbitalofficials already are develops weather over Laredo/ 1,ngJil^rs that v® ma^e ^jTex., forced cancellation of al fuel cell water clean and tasty ,„.’ thls Bass of wheth(!r | for drinking. Finally, Gemini officials ary nounced today that barring unforseen difficulties, the test on this pass of whether I the astronauts could spot huge eye charts on the ground. Cooper reported that he had seven hours of sleep. He said his beard was itching, but that better since we got our suits off.” The surgeon quickly realized Cooper was joking. Conrad was allowed to remove some inflatable pressure cuffs around his thighs. He said they “itch pretty bad” and [were not working anyway. pith O rbit— 2: 13 p.m . f Cooper reported he and Conrad had completed all of the day’s assigned experi­ ments except one. The space­ craft was powered down and A 10 V'edn'tdvy, Aug. 23.1965 THE WASHIN GTO N PO ST How It Went on Gemini’s 4th Day I O n their Gemini 5 space- flight yesterday. Astronants L. Gordon Cooper Jr. and Charles Conrad Jr. sighted a Minuteman launching and repaired an important sight­ ing system aboard their craft. Following is a chronological account, as compiled from news dispatches, with times in Eastern Daylight Time, 40th O rbit— 12:05 aan. The pair drifted quietly into the 40th orbit with Conrad asleep. Dr. Duana Catterson at Gemini Control in Houston reported the astronauts had consumed 13 pounds of water each, “pretty nearly an opti­ mum aim for water intake.’* 41st O rbit— 1:38 aan, Conrad continued sleeping soundly and only one contact was made with ground track­ ing stations during the orbit 42utl O rbit— 3:14 aan. The quietest orbit of the flight thus fan in terms of space - to - ground communica- Mom For a 70-minute period the spacecraft was out of voice contact range. Conrad was still asleep and Cooper had a meal. Cooper said he had reassem­ bled a defective reticle “and it works fine.” The reticle is a i sighting device necessary for the success of a number of Gemini 5 experiments. 43d O rbit— 4:50 a.m . The spacecraft made contact with the Carnarvan, Australia, tracking station and flight ob­ server Chuck Lewis gave the astronauts landing and experi­ ment data. 44th O rbit— 6:27 aan. With both astronauts wide awake and the spacecraft pass­ ing over the United States, Gemini Control at Houston re­ layed instrument readings and experiment directions to the crew. This exchange between com­ municator David Scott, an astronaut, and Conrad took place: Scott—"O kay. You look real good here on the ground. Do you have any questions on the experiments?” Conrad—“N o. Td say we got a full day. I hope we can get them all done. How’s the weather back there in Hous­ ton?” Scott—“O h, It’s real nice. Just hot and sunny as usual. N o rain in particular. Just once in a while a little thunder­ storm.” Conrad—“R og.” Scott—“Say, we’ve noticed that the temperature up there is a little cooler than we ex­ pected. How’s your comfort?” Conrad—“Cold. We are tak­ ing the inlet hoses off our suits every once in a while to warm up. It has been quite cold.” Chief Flight Director Chris­ topher Kraft Jr. said good morning to the astronauts and told them, “You are doing a good job up there.” Conrad—'Til tell you one thing, Mr. Kraft Gordo’s board is white. Kraft—"A R ip V an Winkle, eh?” Conrad: — "N ope, Santy Claus.” Cooper—“Boy, putting those two coolant loops in the circuit really cooled it down. We both have been sitting here shiver­ ing for the last few hours.” Kraft—“Turn the valve to warm and it will shut off the flow completely. We will mon­ itor on the ground and let you know if it gets too cool.” 45th O rbit— 8:03 a.m . Cooper had a meal consisting of orange drink, spaghetti and meat, butterscotch pudding, toasted bread cubes and cheese sandwiches- He said he saw three airplanes approaching Jacksonville, Fla. He and Con­ rad saw smoke signals sent up near Laredo, Tex„ to help them find a huge pattern of white gypsum laid out on the ground, but they could not see the pat­ tern. Fellow astronaut James McDivitt told the men they could go at least 62 orbits. 46th O rbit— 9:35 a.m . An attempt to photograph [landmarks near Dallas was abandoned because of a cloud cover over the target area, but the astronauts insisted on try­ ing the experiment later. “We're going to pick a good site somewhere over the U.S. and get it because we're all rigged for it," Conrad said. Gemini control reported a few minutes later the men were able to get a picture of a ship west of Bermuda. 47th O rbit— 1 1:12 a.m . As Gemini 5 approached Cal­ ifornia, a Minuteman missile was fired from V andenberg Air Force Base, Calif. At an altitude of 125 miles, Cooper and Conrad got a fine view. Conrad: “I see it, 1 see it. .. Hey Gordo! R ight through that hole in the clouds. There he goes, bigger than heck.” Cooper: “Yeah, we saw him going ’way out above us.” The Minuteman, climbing in a high suborbital arc, came within 200 miles of Gemini 5, Space Agency officials said. Conrad reported he sighted the Minuteman 10 seconds after launch when it had pierced the overcast. The Min­ uteman peaked at an altitude of 575 miles and headed down the Air Force western test range over the Pacific O cean to hit a mythical target. The astronauts said they took about six photographs of the flying rocket and made infrared measurements of its exhaust plume. Conrad also spotted Hollo­ man Air Force Base, N JV U and Bergstrom Air Force Base, Tex., as he whirled over them. As they ended the orbit, the astronauts had their radar trained on Cape Kennedy and reported they were able to keep in touch with the Cape longer than expected. 48th O rbit— 12:47 pan. Cooper and Conrad reported they were getting “some strange readouts” from their on-board computer. O fficials said the signals were not a cause of “major concern,” but would be watched closely. Cooper and Conrad finally spotted the checkerboard eye chart laid out near Laredo, Tex. 49th O rbit— 2:22 pan. Space officials on the ground noted Cooper sounded “just a wee bit tired.” He was given a long updating on the flight plan and was told to watch for the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii on the next orbit The astronauts hoped to meas­ ure the intensity of infrared radiation from the volcano. 4 6 Tuesday, Aug. 24,1965 THE WASHIN GTO N PO ST GEMINI— F rom Page A l Staking of Claims On Moon Ruled Out G em ini M akes P recision M aneuvers N ASA Photo from UPI and gets a first-hand view of the progress of her husband’s flight aboard the Gemini 5 spacecraft. looks very good for eight days and there is nothing that says it shouldn’t.” In a mishap on the ground, trouble developed in a com­ puter memory system at Gem­ ini 5 mission control late to­ day, but was cleared up with­ in 11 minutes. The failure in the memory system did not adversely affect the flight. It developed in the historical data drums, which provide instant displays of flight trends. After the problem was solved, personnel, who had calculated lost data manually, programmed the trends into the drums. The drums store flight information for 12 hours, then are erased. The failure occurred at 6:23 p.m. (EST) during the 37th orbit. As for the astronauts, their day was filled with experi­ ments, sightseeing from space, and some complaint. Cooper’s Complaint The complaint came from Mrs. Charles Conrad Jr., accompanied by her father, Winn DuBose, sits in the view­ ing booth behind Gemini Control Center Chronological Account of Orbits As Space Flight Enters 3d Day Following is the chronol­ ogy of the Gemini 5 space flight of Astronauts L. Gor­ don Cooper Jr. and Charles Conrad Jr., compiled from news dispatches. Shortly after midnight Sun­ day Gemini 5 had completed 24 orbits and 38 hours of its 121 - orbit, 190 - hour scheduled voyage. for the pilot (roughly six quarts each). I’m just getting ready to eat Meal Charlie.” banter turned into an promptu variety act with im- this 25th O rbit— 12:15 a.m . Gemini Control at Houston concluded that Conrad’s ky voice resulted from of sleep and not from serious throat condition. Duane Catterson said it hus- lack any Dr. had “not affected his ability to perform.” Cooper continued to catch up on sleep. 30th O rbit— 8:14 a.m . The astronauts reported that each had slept a total of about 10 hours since the flight began at 10 a.m. Saturday. The oxygen pressure, at more than 100 pounds, was up 10 pounds from the previous day and 40 pounds from the low point Sat­ urday when it appeared that the mission might have to splash down prematurely after the sixth orbit. Control gave the capsule instructions for performing a simulated rendez­ vous with a make - believe Agena rocket on the 32d through 34th orbits. exchange between the capsule and Houston: a McDivitt: “You sure do talk lot.” Conrad: “Say again.” 26th O rbit— 1:48 a.m . Conrad tried several simple experiments as the capsule passed over central Asia. Cooper woke up and Conrad began a long sleep. Ground Control said the flight “looked real good.” 27th O rbit— 3:31 a.m . The orbit began along the west coast of South America near the equator. While his companion remained in a deep sleep, Cooper made con­ tact with the Canai'y Island tracking station and con­ ducted a successful purge of the fuel cell oxygen and hy­ drogen systems. He aso made periodic checks on electron and ion flux interaction with the spacecraft. 28th O rbit— 5:05 a.m . Cooper ate a substantial meal of concentrates of chick­ en and gravy, bacon and eggs and chocolate pudding. Con­ rad continued to sleep. 29th O rbit— 6:39 a.m . Conrad woke up and had the follow ing conversation with the Canary Island track­ ing station: Surgeon: “You’re pumping full scale. We have a good blood pressure . . . Give me a mark when you begin exercis­ ing.” Conrad: “Stand by—mark.” Surgeon: “We have a good blood pressure ” Conrad: “R oger, the com­ mand pilot (Cooper) is taking his two-hour period nap now. The pilot (Conrad) slept about 4 hours 45 minutes of his six- hour period, very soundly.” Surgeon: “How’s your water intake?” Conrad: “Twelve and a half pounds of water for the com­ mand pilot, 11 pounds 3 ounces 31st O rbit— 9:47 a.m . The mission passed the two- day mark. The astronauts again complained of the work­ load ordered by Ground Con­ trol in this conversation with astronaut James A. McDivitt, mission communicator at Hous­ ton: Cooper: “You might have a little talk with the flight plan­ ning people. They’re filling us just a little hit too full. We can’t get the equipment put to­ gether and torn apart in the time they’re putting these things together.” McDivitt: “O kay, Gordo, I’ll take a check on that ... I think one of the flight plan­ ning problems, Gordon, is that the weather is not too good today, so they are try­ ing to stick them (experi­ ments) in where they have good weather . . .” Cooper: “Yeah, well some of these . . . were just bang, bang, bang right together. We just can’t do them that close together. That’s rather poor planning.” McDivitt: “O kay.” Conrad: “We got to watch these lens changes. We got every piece of gear in the spacecraft floating around in here. We can’t keep up with McDivitt: “I said you sure do talk a lot.” Conrad: “What do you want me to do, sing you a song?” McDivitt: “Think you can?” Cooper: “He sings off key.” Conrad: (in a singsong) “O ver the ocean, over the blue, here’s Gemini 5 singing to you. (Pause) Well, I’m going back to talking.” McDivitt: “Get you a job with the Houston Astros.” At 11:18 a.m. control told the spacemen they could go at least until the 47th orbit or until about noon Tuesday. 32d O rbit— 11:21 a.m . The astronauts powered up their equipment and executed the first of four blasts from their maneuvering rockets to change their orbit and bring them into theoretical rendez­ vous with the phantom Agena, whose track was being pro­ grammed by a ground com­ puter. By comparing the lat­ ter with the actual track of Gemini 5, Control would later estimate the closeness of the simulated linkup. 33d O rbit— 12:56 p.m . Cooper and Conrad per­ formed two more rendezvous maneuvers. The command pilot spotted a huge checker­ board design laid out on the ground near Laredo, Tex., as a test of the astronauts’ abil­ ity to see from more than 100 miles in space. Cooper. In a brief flare-up of irritability, the normally la­ conic astronaut said the flight planners were not giving the astronauts enough time to get their chores done. “We can’t get the equipment put to­ gether and torn apart by the time they are putting these things (the experiments) to­ gether,” said Cooper. R eport on Sightings As for the sights, the astron­ auts reported seeing their home territory of Houston, and nearby Clear and Taylor Lakes. They also saw Florida, the Bahamas and Cuba. But there was a lot they did not see. too, largely because of the faulty reticle. Missed, for example, was a planned view of an aircraft carrier and destroyer; a star called Denub, and a Minuteman missile sent aloft from Cape Kennedy, which, though not planned to be viewed by the orbiting as­ tronauts, was the object of their attention as they passed roughly 1000 miles away. In spite of their difficulties in viewing the world around them, Cooper and Conrad are doggedly performing as many of the 17 medical, engineering and scientific experiments as possible. Pod Heat Measured Indeed, today an Air Force spokesman reported that the astronauts had recorded more than an hour of radiation data; information on the amount and kind of heat emitted both by objects of nature and man-' made objects—in space and on the ground. O ne man-made object in par­ ticular, the small radar evalu­ ation pod, was measured by the astronauts for its heat sig­ nature. The Air Force spokesman noted from a preliminary an­ alysis that it gave off roughly as much heat as had been an­ ticipated. This is the first time that a space object has been studied in this manner by Americans from space. Such infrared or heat-sensing devices could prove useful to the military for satellite inspection in space. The radar evaluation pod, which was to have played a significant role in a Gemini 5 rendezvous attempt on Satur­ day, is expected to plunge into the earth’s atmosphere and a fiery disintegration during the evening of Aug. 26. Today, Gemini officials indi­ cated that if they knew on Saturday what they know now it might have been pos­ sible to have carried out their original rendezvous plans with the small pod. Since Saturday, ground tests have shown that would have been possible with the amount of oxygen available on Satur­ day. What the officials did not know at that time was when the falling pressure in the oxygen would stabilize, if at all. N onetheless, Gemini offi­ cials obviously are delighted with their makeshift simulated rendezvous carried out today. It involved making believe that an Agena rocket was at a given point in space—actu­ ally the point a real Agena is expected to be at during the forthcoming Gemini 6 mis­ sion. Then, using radar data from ground stations, com­ mands were sent to Gemini 5, instructing Cooper and Con­ rad to maneuver on four dif­ ferent occasions during three revolutions around the earth. How Craft Was Maneuvered What Gemini officials as­ sumed was that the Agena was in an elliptical orbit whose high point and low point were about 210 and 141 miles re­ spectively. To effect a near rendezvous with the imaginary Agena the astronauts had to maneuver their craft into an orbit with high and low points of 193 and 124 miles above the earth. After four maneuvers, in­ cluding an orbital plane change of roughly l-50th of a degree, Gemini 5 virtually achieved the high and low points desired. An orbital plane change works this way: The plane of every orbit cuts through the earth’s center. Most of these orbits are with reference to the Equator. The angle the plane makes to the Equator is its inclination. Through the use of propulsion, spacecraft can alter that incli­ nation and, hence, change their orbital plane. Police R einforced After R amleh Attack TEL toured toured Associated Press The Government has some advice for would-be moon homesteaders: For­ get it. “The moon belongs to the world, not the first ar­ rival,” said a spokesman for the N ational Aeronau­ tics and Space Administra­ tion. “We assume that any ex­ ploration there will be handled on an interna- tional cooperative much like that in arctica.” O ver the years, basis Ant- how- ever, many Americans have contemplated a life beyond earth. Some even filed claims with a county recorder, listing the moon or part of it as their own. V enus H eat H eld C aused B y Snow fall BLACKSBUR G, V a., Aug. 23 (AP)—V enus, the red hot pJanet between the earth and the sun, is almost as hot on its “black side”—the side away from, the sun—as its lighted face, and it is kept hot by snowfalls, a Johns Hopkins University theoretical physi- R euters AV IV , Aug. 23—R ein- the township of R am- the twonship of R am- leh, where a crowd of Jewish youths attacked the Arab quarter yesterday. The youths attacked the Arabs after the funeral of a Jewish youth killed on Friday in a collision between his mo­ torcycle and a taxi driven by an Arab. Some 12 Arabs were injured in the attack. Police said today they had arrested 22 of the youths. cist speculated today. Dr. John Strong, a in balloon telescope omy, dropped this Disposal of Body Waste Is Easy for A stronauts HO USTO N , Tex., (AP)—Dis­ posal of body waste is no prob­ lem on the space trip of astro­ nauts L. Gordon Cooper- Jr. and Charles Conrad Jr. A plastic bag with a new- style adhesive lip is used for collection of feces. The adhe­ sive provides a secure attach­ ment to the body. A germicide inside the bag prevents the formation of bac­ teria and gas. After use, soiled items, toilet tissues and a wet towel are placed in the bag, which then is sealed, rolled and stowed in empty food container spaces. The bags will be brought back to earth for analysis. Urine is disposed of with an adaptation of the relief tube system currently used in mili­ tary fighter planes. Tooth-brushing is just that. The brush hangs on the space­ craft interior by means of the material used as fasteners on golf gloves and women’s, purses. There is no toothpaste on board, so the astronauts squirt their mouths full of water, brush and swallow. Washing after each of the day’s four meals is done with wash pads and towels that re- pioneer astron- curious item into the scientific, pot on the first day of V irginia Tech’s fifth annual space conference. The conference is devoted to “the exploration of Mars and V enus.” Strong described for 250 scientists the instrumentation and techniques of the N ovem­ ber, 1964, balloon ascent pro­ ducing the identification of ice crystals in the atmosphere of V enus. Water vapor had been discovered on a 1959 bal­ loon flight. He speculated that a 120- mile-an-hour wind on the face of V enus drags the ice crystals around to the back side, there, presumably, to become the “warming snowfall.” Dr. Strong told the engi­ neers, teachers and research­ ers from universities, space exploration comp-a n i e s and government that man’s cur­ rent knowledge of V enus owes as much to “Gulliverian spec­ ulation” as to documented re­ search. Later this year, he said, an­ other balloon carrying equip­ ment from his laboratory is expected to bring back more information on the character­ istics of V enus. He told the conference the automated, unmanned baloon is much preferable to the manned vehicle; also that a balloon gondola is never an easy base from which to fix on and track a planet like V enus. Dr. Dick Brouwer, director of Yale University observa­ tory, spoke on the orbits of Mars and V enus. He was asked by reporters about speculation about life on Mars. “Cross it off,” he answered with a laugh. semble deodorant pads and face cloths. The pads are treated with a nontoxic disinfectant that has no odor but does clean and is lint-free. Cooper and Conrad will re­ semble grizzled old prospectors because scientists have not found a way to get rid of whiskers. A t O rbits’ E nd ABO AR D USS LAKE CHAMPLAIN AT SEA, Aug. 23 (UPI)—The physician for the Gemini 5 astronauts aboard the recovery carrier Lake Champlain said today there is a “possibility* they may faint when they leave their capsule at the end of eight days. Dr. Howard Minners said they might experience the faintness a person feels who has been bedridden for some time and first gets to his feet. “The treatment is simple,” said Minners. “Lie down.” He called the faintness “ortho­ static hypertension?’ West V a. McDivitt: “R oger, roger.” Then later: McDivitt: “Hey, Pete. Gem­ ini 5 Houston here. Why don’t you make a few comments for the better sex.” Conrad: “Hello there. We just passed over Tampico, Mexico.” McDivitt: “Pete, Pete. Jane’s up here. Why don’t you say something?” (Jane is Conrad’s wife.) Conrad: “Hello there. How’s all the boys (his four sons) doing?” McDivitt: “She says fine.” Still later in the orbit, the 34th O rbit— 2:31 p.m . The astronauts completed the make-believe rendezvous attempt and learned they had come within two minutes of being in the right spot at the right time. Then they turned off much of their electrical equipment, successfully p e r- formed a routine test of their fuel cell system, and settled down for some sleep and meals. 35th O rbit— 4:07 p.m . While Conrad slept. Cooper snapped pictures of selected landmarks in an experiment designed to help future astro­ nauts navigate successfully home from the moon. A med­ ical check indicated both spacemen were in excellent condition. Cooper was told weather conditions around the world were good. 36th O rbit— 5:43 p.m . Conrad reported that the temperature gauge in the capsule cabin had failed, but he said a hand-held gauge was working. Ground Control said the temperature reading made from telemetry data was 74 degrees. During the ' orbit, the astronauts photo­ graphed a tropical storm. 37th O rbit— 7:19 p.m . The Ground Control center reported that the radar set aboard the spacecraft was be­ coming too cold. To warm it up, officials ordered the as­ tronauts to turn the radar on. The temperature rose from 16 degrees to 26 degrees, which is normal. All other systems aboard the capsule were also operating normally. Advertisement ^G ^rc^ c. -< ^ 2/7 fl-iS L^Q .,( '7^ ; ^^ 31 -yj 4. 5. v>4^aA 5/19/65Tk/ «i< Ques. to which Chas. Mathews would like answers 1. Pictures will be taken What will happen to 2. During pressurization: / How long can you use H^ before opening the hatch:(Before de-pressurization) the film when the hatch is opened? XmJv*^^ I the film? 30 mins? or what? ( |^Ax*^ 3. Pressurization in cabin: After exposure to outside (outer space) and a very low temp.(10 deg.F.) how long will it take for the film to recover? Will cold temp, cause problems with rolling the film? W^ll it break? If one waited a period of time ^hside capsule, how long would this be? 1 tv^CA^ & 6 ?^/^€^ yAv1— ^C fo 1*4*" l^?v^ fc^v) 2 Zrs7 >93 W /6 > 9100 p. OTCLABUIF1MD N AT ION AL AERONAUT ICS AN D SPACE ADM INIST RAT ION W ashing ton. D.C . 20546 IN R EPLY R EFER TO: SM( JR GlC Om) Dr* F. Saiedy U.S* Weather Bureau National Weather Satellite Center Suitland, Marylan d Dear Dr. Saiedy: We are pleased to inform you that the Office of Space Science and Applications has recommended to the Office of Manned Space Flight that tile following experiment be flown on the early Gemini series of manned space flights: Title: Spectrophotography of Clouds ^ Principal Investigator: Dr* F. Saiedy Sponsoring Institution: U.S. Weather Bureau National Weather Satellite Center Present plans call for ten manned Gemini missions, spaced three months apart, beginning in the last quarter of Calendar Year 1964* Overall responsibility for manned space science investigations is assigned to Mr. Willis 3. Foster, Director, Manned Space Science Division, NASA Headquarters* The Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, has been assigned implementation responsibility for the Gemini scientific payload under the direction of Dr. Jocelyn Gill, Chief, In-Flight Sciences, a member of Mr. Foster’s staff* Will you please inform Dr* Gill by letter of any co-investigator(s) officially associated with your experiment. Technical coordination for your experiment will be handled by Mr* Roy Stokes, Manned Spacecraft Center, louston, Texas, telephone number, HU 3-7633* In accordance with the National Aeronautic?; and Space Administration’s policy for the release of data, experimenters are granted a period of time for exclusive use of the data. For Gemini, you are granted a period of six months from the receipt of the data* If this time period is not satisfactory, please get in toucn with Dr. Gill to discuss a perJol -b’ch would re mutually agreeable to the MAJA and yourself. -2- Experimenters are encouraged to publish experimental results promptly in order to inform the scientific community as early as possible. A brief analysis of experimental results with illustrations where appropriate is required to be furnished to the experiment coordinator within two weeks following the mission for the postlaunch memorandum prepared by Manned Spacecraft Center. Experimenters are also encouraged to coordinate and exchange data among themselves in order to enhance to the fullest extents the scientific benefits of each mission. It is important to the conduct of your ex­ periment that all Gemini schedule deadlines be met and that you keep your MSC experiment coordinator in­ formed on progress of your experiment at all times. We hope that the planning of your experiment and the construction and integration of your flight hardware will be brought to satisfactory completion in order that your experiment, along with those of the other experimenters on the attached list, may serve to make the Gemini scientific payload a successful addition to the United States Space Program. Sincerely yours. Homer E. Associate for Space e w e 11 Administrator Science € Applications Enclosure: List of Approved Experimenters W TI&NM. FOHM NO, 11J SOLO-10? *MAV UU GO IT J ON OSA cot R EQ . NO. 1? UN ITED STATES GO V ER N MEN T Memorandum T° - SM/Manned Space Science date: M-C MGS 1352.2 FROM MG/Deputy Director, Gemini Program subject: Technical Analysis of Gemini (GT-4) Photography The attached TWX on the subject matter from Willis Foster to Robert Piland on July 16, 1965, has been coordinated by Mr. Liccardi of my office and Dr. Gill of your office. I believe that this TWX satisfies the request of your letter to me of July 16, 1965 on the same subject. 1 do not anticipate any problems in your office receiving the S-5 70MM film, however, should you encounter any difficulties my office will prepare additional authorization that may be deemed necessary to expedite this matter* William C* Schneider cc: Dr* J* Gill Buy US. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan NAME OF AGENC Y NASA HEADQUARTERS AC C OUNTING C LASSIFIC ATION _ THIS BLOC K FOR USE OF C OMMUNIC ATIONS UNIT _____________PR EC EDENC E AC TION; INFO; PRIORITY TYPE OF MESSAGE ^] SINGLE □ m u lti-address ? UNCLASSIFIED T Y C LASSIFIC ATION 0 BOOK STANDAR D FOR M 14 R EV MAR C H 15, 1957 GSA R EGULATION 2-1X^301 00 14-304 TELEGR APHIC MESSAGE OFFIC IAL BUSINESS U. S. GOVER NMENT MESSAGE TO BE TR ANSMITTED (Use double spocing and oil capital letters) THIS C OL. FOR AGENC Y USE start m essag e address here MR. ROBERT 0. PILAND EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM OFFICE MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER HOUSTON, TEXAS INFO TO: DR. PAUL LOWMAN, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MARYLAND MR. LEO CHILDS, CODE ET22, MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER HOUSTON, TEXAS IT IS REQUESTED THAT YOU AUTHORIZE THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITIES AT MSC TO RELEASE THE ORIGINAL FILM OF SPOOL 3 OF MAGAZINE 8 (WHICH COVERS THE SOUTHWESTERN U.S.) TO MR. LEO CHILDS, MSC, FOR 2 TO 3 DAYS. MR. CHILDS WILL CARRY IT TO DATA CORPORATION, DAYTON, OHIO MICROSENS ITOMETER. FOR MEASUREMENT ON THEIR MTCROEETSTmEEEEX THE PURPOSE OF THESE MEASUREMENTS IS TO DETERMINE THE TRUE RESOLUTION OF THE S-5 70 mm PHOTOGRAPHY ON GTju WE REFER TO A TELEPHONE CONVERSATION BETWEEN EMORY HARRIS OF YOUR OFFICE AND ANTHONY LICCARDI, OMSF, LAST NIGHT. WHILE MAKING THE RESOLUTION ANALYSIS WE ARE ASKING DATA CORPORATION TO MAKE FIVE (5) SETS OF CONTACT PRINTS AND ONE (1) DUPLICATE NEGATIVE OF SELECTED FRAMES USING VERY FINE-GRAINED MATERIALS WHICH GIVE ALMOST 100$ TRANSFER. THESE PRINTS AND FILM WILL BE USED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS BY AGENCIES IN THE WASHINGTON AREA. PAGE NO. | NO OF PAGES 2 AC TION; NAME OF AGENC Y " * AC C OUNTING C LASSIFIC ATION INFO.; TYPE OF MESSAGE U SINGLE n ^^^ □ MULTI-ADDR ESS PR EC EDENC E THIS BLOC K FOR USE OF C OMMUNIC ATIONS UNIT MESSAGE TO BE TR ANSMITTED (Use double spacing and all capital letters) PAGE WO R I T Y C LASSIFIC ATION STANDAR D FOR M 14 R EV MAR C H 15, 1957 GSA R EGULATION 2-IX-301.00 14-304 TELEGR APHIC MESSAGE OFFIC IAL BUSINESS U. S. GOVER NMENT THIS C OL. FOR AGENC Y USE DR. PAUL LOWMAN PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON THE S-5 EXPERIMENT HAS CONCURRED IN THESE ARRAJ NTS. IT IS UNDERSTOOD THAT MR. LEO CHUDS WILL SAFEGUARD THE FILM IN TRANSIT AND AT DATA STAR T MESSAGE ADDR ESS HER E CORPORATION. AT DATA CORPORATION THE CONTACTS ARE MR. WILLIAM GOROG, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AND MR. ROBERT BOONE WE WILL GREATLY APPRECIATE YOUR EXPEDITING OUR OBTAINING THIS IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DATA WHICH CAN BE ACQUIRED FROM THE S-5 TO mm FILM WILLIS B. FOSTER DIRECTOR MANNED SPACE SCIENCE PROGRAMS cc: M3/Schneider MGS/Liccardi SM/Colvocoresses DATE AND TIME PR EPAR EDNAME AND TITLE OF OR IGINATOR (T^ Jocelyn R. Gill Jo OR IGINATOR S TEL. NO. 20593 — . ChiefTnflight, SM^neefl 1 certify that this message is Official business, is not personal, ond is in the interest of the Government. (Sig natu re J SEC UR ITY C LASSIFIC ATION * U.S. GOVER NMENT PR INTING OFFIC E 1964 O — 7E4-475 7/16/65 a z o 3 u O o PAGE NO 2 NO. OF PAGES 2 2:00 p.m UNCLASSIFIED SM (jRGikby) JUL 1 4 196 5 Dr. Karl G. Henize Dearborn Observatory Northwestern University Evan-ton, Illinois 60201 Dear Karl: Thank you so much for your letter of 24 June telling me that you were not present at the GT-4 debriefing. I am sorry you could, not make it, but I am aware that the rescheduling was most inconvenient. It was a most interesting two-day session with one day for the individual experimenters and another day for the general scientific public. I am attempting t plan the next Inflight Experimenters meeting to occur in Juxtaposition with the Scientific Debriefing Sessions in Houston. At present, we are hoping for a whole week of meetings in Houston, August 30 September 3- So put this on your calendar wick the thought that last- mlnute shifts are still the order of the day in this busings. I went to congratulate you on the fine reports you have been submitting for your 0-13 experiment and especially the document entitled "Definitive Plan." The full documentation of your experiment is very important and I ■■ glad to see you are keeping up with that. I want to urge you to look into the final stages of doewuentution for equipment delivery at the Cape. Just this week we had a trying experience of a co-expcrimenter arriving with his piece of equipment and McDonnell refusing to accept it. Some 4 or 5 pieces of datum nation with "stamps," etc. were missing and the experimenter had apparently never even heard of these pieces of paper. In the orderly assembly of the spacecraft and Its equipment much documentation has, of course, to be assembled, time-contuming as it is. I suggest that you have Mr. Wackerling check very carefully into the documentation required for McDonnell to accept a piece of experimental 2 equipment for an actual flight.in the event that you should make use of a Boggess camera. I also plan to have this as an agenda item at the next Experimenters meeting. Best of luck with your membership on the Astronomy Subcommittee. You will certainly find it educational. Have a good sunnier. Sincerely yours. |oceJpfl H. GUI ’ Jocelyn R. Gill Chief, Inflight Sciences Manned Space Science Programs co; Dr. Al Boggess, IIl/OSFC Willis B. Foster, SM Subject File Reading File SM: JRGill:kby 20593 7/12/65 DEARBORN OBSERVAT ORY N ORT H W EST ERN UN IVERSIT Y EVA NSTON, ILLINOIS 60201 2U June 1965 Dr. Jocelyn Gill Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch Code SM Manned Space Science Programs NASA Headquarters Washington, D. C. 205^6 Dear Jocelyn: In connection with the astronaut debriefing conference, I’m sorry if my lack of attendance has caused you any embarrassment. I simply couldn’t make it on such short notice. 1 was at the University of Wisconsin when the news reached me on Wednesday morning. Having just driven for three hours to get there I was reluctant to turn around and leave immediately as would have been required for me to catch a late afternoon plane to Houston. I hope that it might be possible for me to attend the next debriefing in which the astronauts may be discussing either open hatch activities, spacecraft stabilization, or operation of the General Purpose Camera. As you are probably already aware, I have just received an invitation from Dr. Newell to become a member of the Astronomy Advisory Subcommittee. I am delighted both for the honor of having been so chosen and also by the implication that astronomical observations from manned space vehicles have at last been recognized as worthwhile scientific activities. I thank you for your very considerable efforts in backing my original proposals and in making it possible for this whole situation to develop so favorably. Sincerely, Karl G. Henize KGH:mjw SM (JR Q:cvd) JUL 1 4 196 5 TO : Manned Spacecraft Center Chief, Photographic Division, Code BT2 FR O M: N ASA Headquarters Chief, Inflight Sciences SUBJECT: R equest for duplicate movie films and color prints of all 70 mm, hand-held pictures O ne copy of each of color movie films which Include sunsets, sunrises, horizon bands, limb of earth and terrain views Is re­ quested to be forwarded to Dr. J.R . Gill, Code SM, N ASA Head­ quarters. Please send these air mall since this material Is needed soon for preparation of an~^s¥ronpsiical report on GT-4. O ne of the most important films for this purpose is Magazine 9- Two sets of color prints of all color still pictures which were taken with Haeselblad 70 mm camera (on GT-4) are also requested. It will be adequate to send these by regular mall. These prints pertain mainly to the 5*5 and 3-6 Gemini Experiments. Jocelyn R. Gill Jocelyn R , Gill SM (jRGikby) > JULI 196 3 TO : Manned Spacecraft Center Mr. Robert 0. Plland, Deputy Manager Apollo Spacecraft Program Office FROM : Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch Manned Space Science: Programs SUBJECT: Request for copies of transcript of voice tape from GT-A As per our telephone converse ion some days ago, the following persons will greatly appreciate receipt of copies of subject transcript, viz. 1. Dr. Franklin Roach National Bureau of Standards Bureau of Central Radio Propagation Boulder, Colorado 2. Mr. Laurence Dunkelman Institute for Defense Analyses 400 Army-Navy Drive Arlington, Virginia 3. Mrs. Winifred Cameron Code 64-1 Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 4. Dr. J. R. Gill Code SM NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. 205^6 Jocelyn R. <3*4 Jocelyn R. Gill cc: MGS/Mr. Liecard! SM Reading Files SM File: Sci. debriefing GT-U file CON CURREN CES: SM : JRG ill:kby 20593 7/V^? offic ial file c opy OFFICE CODE » ...............L„............................ SIGNA TURE ► ______________________________...__________L.........................................____________________________________________________ date** -----------....................................................................-------------------- - -.................................................—_____________________ U-5. GOVER NMENT W IR ING OFFIC E 10-77210-1 SM (jRG:kby) Dr. Elisabeth Roemer U.S. Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station flagstaff, Arizona Dear Pats Thank you bo very much for responding to ay request for coat photographs and epheaerid.ee so that I could apprise the GT-4 astronauts on this subject I do not know hov you managed to assemble this material and send it to me so promptly. The timing vac perfect — it arrived Just in time so I could forward the comet photographs along with some other information I was mailing to them. Hope the western weather cleared sufficiently so that your trip was not difficult from that standpoint. Thanks again for your contribution to the GT-4 mission. Best repude, Sincerely yours, Jocelyn B. G44 Jocelyn R. Gill Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch Manned Space Science Programs cc: SM Files 20593 6/7/65 SM (JRGskby) JUN 1 7 196 5 Dr. Elizabeth Roemer U.S. Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station Flagstaff, Arizona Dear Pat: Thank you so vary much for responding to my request for comet photographs and ephemerides so that I could apprise the GT-4 astronauts on this subject. I do not know how you managed to assemble this material and send it to me so promptly. The timing was perfect — it arrived just in time so I could forward the comet photographs along with some other information I was mailing to them. Hope the western weather cleared sufficiently so that your trip was not difficult from that standpoint. Thanks again for your contribution to the GT-4 mission. Best regards, Sincerely yours, Jocelyn B-® ^, Jocelyn R. Gill Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch Manned Space Science Programs cc: SM Files SM:JRGill:kby 20593 6/7/65 at (aoiktjr) JUN 1 7 196 5 Dr. Elisabeth Poorer U.S. Sawai Observatory Flagstaff Station Flagstaff, Arisona Dear Fat: Thunk you so vary much for responding to my request for ecaet photographs and ephemerides so that 1 could apprise the QT-h astronauts on this subject. X do not know how you managed to assenbla this material and send it to me so promptly, fire tilting was parfeet — it arrived just in time so I could forward the comet photographs along with sone other information X was stilling to then. Hope the western weather cleared sufficiently so that your trip was net difficult from that standpoint. Thanks again for your contribution to the GT-h mission. Best regards. Sincerely yours, Jocelyn Jocelyn Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch Manned Space Science Frogramn cc x SM Files SMxJRGilijkby 20593 6/7/65 BK (JK skby) JUN 1 7 196 5 Dr. FUttbeth Bower U.S. Koval Observatory Flagstaff Station Flagstaff, ^riioM Dear Fats Thank you so vary much for mpoacUag to ay request for const phonographs and ephemerides co that X could apprise the GT-i astroanutu on this subject. X do not know boa you Esmagssd to assemble tula ante lai and tend it to »« so prosp -ly. The timing vat perfect — It arrived just la tine so X could forward the comet photographs along with ewe other information I was nailing to then. Hope the western weather cleared sufficiently so that, your trip was not difficult frost that standpoint. Thanks again for your contribution to the OT-b mission. Beat regards. Sin erely yours, Jocelyn SUI Chief, Inflight Sciences Braa-h Manned Space Science Frogrsns ecs SM Files SM:JRGlll:kby 20593 6/1/65 N AT ION AL AERON AUT ICS AN D SPACE ADM IN IST RAT ION W ashing ton. D. C . 20546 IN R EPLY R EFER TO: SM“(JR G:kby) Dear We are enclosing lists of Gemini photographs for Missions IV through V III which you requested. These Include the numbers that Creative Arts* can utilize in filling orders. The Gemini IV material can be ordered by the magazine, spool, and frame numbers (Example; Gemini IV , Magazine 16s Spool 5, Frame 31)» The Gemini V , V I, V II, and V III material can be ordered by the ”HC" number (Example; 65-HC~701)» N ote that the column "GET” signifies ground elapsed time and can be converted to GMT, which is Greenwich Mean Time, We hope this information will answer your needs. Thank you for your interest in the Gemini photographs. Sincerely yours. Jocelyn R , Gill Manned Flight Experiments O ffice Enclosures: Lists of Gemini IV , V , V I, V II, V III photographs * Creative Arts Attn; Mr, Tinsley 814 H Street, N ,W, Washington, D,C. From N ORT H ERN ARIZON A SOCIET Y OF SCIENCE AN D ART . IN C FLAGSTAFF, AR IZONA P. O. Box 1389 Order N o. G ode G ill Pl N ational Aeronau tics &. Space Adm in. W ashing ton, D. C. 20546 ____ ____C LASS MAIL EXPRESS Contents: □ Insu red □ Prepaid □ Parcel Post □ Collect POSTMASTER : Thia parcel may be opened Q Book Post □ Pieces for postal inspection if necessary. □ Printed M atter Valu e.................... R ETUR N POSTAGE GUAR ANTEED BELMONT C LASP 3 ■« P’ C^^O ^ ^ n ^n M^ — V\/ I^X . ^ O' “^——--^^—^.-^^^ rsiH Sg sr <3 : I !U a M 5^ 0^4- ^ ^ N fW &$ Vj <\y-k . v । ^ • k. ^ r ^ / CM . A A 6A ^